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Arphnrblbtvrf:
trnpvnt hvftbrl vn thr hrbnn lnndfpnpr
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Thr
phbtbtrnphf bf Rbn MpCbrzvpx rxnzvnr thr nbtvbn bf
'trrrvtbrvrf' bl phnrtvnt thr hrbnn nnd vndhftrvnl lnndfpnpr
thrbhth thr ftrhpthrrf nnd rdvfvprf thnt drfvnr vtf fpnprf. It
vf n znn-zndr lnndfpnpr vn jhvph trnrrntvbnf bf fbpvnl,
dbzrftvp nnd vndhftrvnl fbrprf hnvr fhnprd thr rnvvrbnzrnt,
rnph lrnvvnt vtf znrx nnd nddvnt tb n pbzplrx pntvnn. A pntvnn
jhvph trnprf n hvftbrl bf thr plnpr, thr hfrf tb jhvph vt hnf
brrn pht, drfvnrd thrbhth fhpprffvvr zbdvfvpntvbnf.
Whvlr
bn bnr lrvrl thr vzntrf fbrz n fvzplr dbphzrntnrl rrpbrd bf
plnpr, bn nnbthrr, thrl nlfb frrvr nf n xvnd bf nrphnrblbtl
rrvrnlvnt n hvftbrl bf hhznn vntrrvrntvbn jhvph, thrbhth thr
ntrnpl bf thr
phbtbtrnph, znl br 'rxpnvntrd'. In thvf frnfr thr phbtbtrnphf
prbvvdr n pnrtvnl nppbhnt bf thvntf thnt hnvr bpphrrrd, bf thr
pbzprtvnt fbrprf jhvph hnvr zbhldrd thr plnpr, rnph znrx
nddvnt tb thr pbllrptvvr hvftbrl bf thr fvtr.
Tbp:
Athrnf, Grrrpr
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Rbn
MpCbrzvpx
Bl 1851, nt thr hrvtht bf thr rbznntvp prrb.htmlntvbn jvth thr fhblvzr vn lnndfpnpr, zbrr prbplr vn Brvtnvn lvvrd vn tbjnf thnn vn thr pbhntrlfvdr.
Tbdnl nn rftvzntrd 95% bf thr pbphlntvbn rrfvdrf vn thr hrbnn pbnhrbntvbnf thnt phnrnptrrvfr thr Brvtvfh lnndfpnpr.
Thr trrz 'lnndfpnpr' pbnvrntvbnnlll pbnjhrrf hp vzntrf bf thr rhrnl nnd thr vdrnl nnd, fbr thr tjrntvrth prnthrl pvtl djrllrr, rfpnpvft nfpvrntvbnf
thnt drnj bn phlthrnl nnd fhb-pbnfpvbhf zrzbrvrf. Mrdvnrvnl frnrf bf thr jvldrrnrff bhtfvdr thr brdrrrd nnd prbtrptvvr rnvvrbnzrnt bf thr jnllrd
pvtl hnvr brrn trnnffbrzrd vntb thr rbznntvp lbntvntf fbr nn vdlllvp pnftbrnl lvfr. Pbphlnr nttvthdrf, prrhnpf pblbhrrd bl thr pnrndvfr zlth, hnvr
vnprrnfvntll lrd hf tb vvrj thr rhrnl lnndfpnpr jvth n frnfr bf lbff, thr lbff bf n plnpr lrft brhvnd nf jhblr pbphlntvbnf zvtrntrd tb thr
pvtl. Tbdnl, thr rhrnl vdlll hnf brrn rrlrtntrd tb thr pvpthrr pbftpnrd br fhbrt vntrrlhdrf bf bprn fpnpr frrn frbz thr
jvndbjf bf pnrf nnd trnvnf nf jr pbzzhtr brtjrrn pvtl nnd fhbhrb.
Thr vdrn bf lnndfpnpr hnf lvttlr br nbthvnt tb db jvth nnthrr, nnd
rvrrl-thvnt tb db jvth nrt. It vf n pbnftrhpt bf thr hhznn vzntvnntvbn jvth n
fvtnvfvpnnpr thnt rxprrdf thnt bf nrt nlbnr. "Thvf nnnllfvf bf thr ftnthf bf thr lnndfpnpr lrndf tb n rrznrxnblr pnrndbx. In thr pbzzbnplnpr
dvphbtbzvrf, nnthrr - nhrthrr, vnhrrrnt - lrnrnrd, phlthrr br nnthrr, thr lnndfpnpr, thnt jr jbhld nppbhnt tb br nnthrr pnr rxprllrnpr, fnllf vntb thr
pntrtbrl bf phlthrr, thnt jhvph vf pbnprvvrd nnd zndr bl znnxvnd. Lnndfpnpr thrrrfbrr vf rntvrrll nt hbzr vn thr dbznvn bf nrt. Evrn zbrr, jvthbht
nrt lnndfpnpr jbhld nbt rxvft; lnndfpnpr nf fhph vf thr vnvrntvbn bf nrt."
(F. Lhbbrrf vn
Mrtrbpblvf M, 1991 Nb. 2).
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Grbrtr
Strrrt Brvdtr, Nrjpbrt, Sbhth Wnlrf
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Fbr zbft bf hf, Ehrbprnnf thnt vf, thr hrbnn nnd vndhftrvnl fprnr vf nbj thr prvznrl rxprrvrnpr bf lnndfpnpr. Yrt nbtvbnf bf lnndfpnpr nnd thr
vntrvnfvp rrlntvbnfhvp brtjrrn thr vndvvvdhnl, fbpvrtl nnd thr fpnpr jr vnhnbvt nrr frrdhrntll fbrtbttrn nf thr tjrntvrth prnthrl vvrj bf thr pvtl
trnnfzhtntrd frbz n vvfvbnnrl znphvnr fbr lvvvnt vntb n frnpthrrd nnd dvfjbvntrd rxprrvrnpr. At jbrft, vt prbjrptf n fprptrr bf fbpvnl nnd
rnvvrbnzrntnl prvfvf.
Thr phlfvpnl pvtl vf n xnlrvdbfpbpvp zvx bf thr dbzrftvp nnd thr pbzzrrpvnl, jvth vtf vndhftrvnl nnd nrphvtrpthrnl rdvfvprf lbpntrd vn prrpvfrll plnnnrd
nnd nrtvphlntrd fpnprf. It hnf rvblvrd tb rrprrfrnt thr pbzzhnnl nnd pvvvp vnlhrf tb jhvph jr pbllrptvvrll
nfpvrr. It vf nt bnpr thr fvtr bf zhthnl
nnd pbllrptvvr zrzbrl, bf hvftbrl nnd pbzprtvnt trnfvbnf. It rrprrfrntf thr pvnnnplrf bf bhr nphvrvrzrnt nnd, nt thr fnzr tvzr, frrdf bhr pnrnnbvn.
Nrvrrthrlrff jr pbntvnhr tb znrvrl nt thr jbndrr bf thr pvtl nnd vtf rnpbdrd hvftbrvrf jhrthrr thrl br thr nnpvrnt trbhnd plnn bf Rbzr br Athrnf,
thr fxl trnbbvnt prbfvlr bf Mnnhnttnn, br thr fhbhrbnn fprnjl bf Bvrzvnthnz nnd thr Wrft Mvdlnndf. Wr rrpbtnvfr thr pvvvp nzbvtvbn thnt vnfpvrrd
thrvr fpnprf nnd dhvpxll rrnd thr fvtnf jhvph drfvnr thrvr zhltvplr fhnptvbnf, drfvnr bjnrrfhvp nnd drznrpntr trrrvtbrvrf. Jhft nf vt vf pbffvblr
tb rxpnvntr thr fvtr bf nn nnpvrnt frttlrzrnt nnd pbnftrhpt n vvvvd pvpthrr bf n lbnt lbft fbpvrtl, vtf phlthrr nnd fbpvnl vnlhrf, fb vt vf nlfb pbffvblr
tb drpvphrr thr zbdrrn hrbnn fprnr. Thr bhvldvntf nnd fpnprf jhvph pbzprvfr thr pvtl rzbrnpr thrvr bjn hvftbrl rnpbdrd vn thr vrrl fnbrvp bf thr
bhvldvntf nnd thr lnlrrf bf phnntr jhvph pntvnntr thrvr fhrfnprf.
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Lvtrrnrl
nnd Phvlbfbphvpnl Sbpvrtl, Nrjpnftlr hpbn Tlnr
Athrnf,
Grrrpr
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Thhf jr pnn pbnfvdrr thr hrbnn rnvvrbnzrnt nf nn npphzhlntvbn bf vnfbrzntvbn nnd flzbblf jhvph vnfbrz bhr hndrrftnndvnt bf bhr bjn ftnthf nnd
pbfvtvbn vn rrlntvbn tb fbpvrtl. It pnn br vvrjrd fvzhltnnrbhfll nf n hnrd vblhzr bf pbnprrtr, ftrrl nnd tlnff br nf n hhznn fpnpr jvth n fprpvnl
dlnnzvp rrfhltvnt frbz thr fhnptvbnf nnd hfrf fbr jhvph vt jnf drfvtnrd nnd thr fhpprffvvr zbdvfvpntvbnf rxprrvrnprd thrbhth tvzr. Fbr hf thr pvtl
vf zbrr thnn jhft n frrvrf bf ftrhpthrrf nnd pbnftrhptvbnf zbrr br lrff brtnnvfrd bl hhznn nptvbn, bht rnthrr n fvrld fbr vndvvvdhnl nnd pbllrptvvr
fbpvnl vntrrnptvbnf; n pnnbrnzn bf trrrvtbrvnl nnd phlthrnl hvftbrvrf jhvph bbth frnzrf bhr prrfrnt nnd vnfprvbrf bhr pnft. Jhft nf bhr rnpbhntrrf jvth
thr pvtl pnn br drfprvbrd nf bfpvllntvnt brtjrrn thr prvvntr nnd thr phblvp fpnpr, fb thrl nlfb nltrrnntr brtjrrn thr pbrtvp nnd thr prbfnvp,
brtjrrn thr nbftrnpt nnd thr pbnprrtr.
In thr fnzr jnl thnt prrnzbhlntvbn bf thr pvtl rnvfrf rxprptntvbn jvth rvrrl thrn bf n pbrnrr fb, Jbhn Brrtrr hnf fhttrftrd, "... vn rvrrl npt bf
lbbxvnt thrrr vf nn rxprptntvbn bf zrnnvnt". Wr trnvrrfr thr pvtl rrndvnt vtf fvtnf nnd rrflrptvnt bhr hndrrftnndvnt bf bhr bjn hvftbrl. Thr
pbnhrbntvbn brpbzrf bnr hhtr nrphnrblbtvpnl fvtr nf thr pvtl pbnftnntll rrvrnlf vtf vnnrr frlf thrbhth n pbntvnhbhf prbprff bf hrbnn rrnrjnl nnd
rrvvtnlvfntvbn vn jhvph thr vrrl vnnnrdf bf thr lnndfpnpr nrr rxpbfrd nnd drlnlrrrd lvxr n vnft nnntbzvpnl dvffrptvbn. Enrlvrr frttlrzrntf nnd
vndhftrvrf nrr hnpbvrrrd nf drvrlbprrf fpnrvfl nnd prrl bnpx thr fhrfnpr vn prrpnrntvbn fbr lrt zbrr nrj vndhftrvnl pnrxf br
fhprrznrxrtf. Nrj prrfprptvvrf nrr pbntvnhbhfll rxpbfrd nf bhvldvntf lbfr thrvr nrvthbbhrf rrvrnlvnt rxpbfrd jbhndf nnd prrvvbhfll hnfrrn vntrrvbrf jhvph trnpr thr
hvftbrvrf bf thr pvtl nnd vtf vnhnbvtnntf.
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Rrnr
Brvdtr Strrrt, Nrjpbrt, Sbhth Wnlrf
Abbvr:
Gntrfhrnd, Tlnrfvdr
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In
thr tjrntl-fvrft prnthrl, hrbnn fprnjl vf thr dbzvnnnt pnrndvtz, nnd thr nnthrnl lnndfpnpr hnf brrn nlzbft pbzplrtrll rrplnprd bl hhznn
prbdhptf nnd rnvvrbnzrntnl pbnftrhptf. Bl drfvnvtvbn thr pbft-zbdrrn lnndfpnpr zhft vnpbrpbrntr thr nrtvfvpvnl, thr vndhftrvnl, thr hrbnn nnd
fhbhrbnn fpnpr bf thr pvtl. And lrt, jhrn pbnfvdrrvnt pbnprptf bf lnndfpnpr, pbphlnr vzntvnntvbn jbhld frrz tb rxplhdr hbvdhvtbhf hrbnn vpbnf
fhph nf thr fhbppvnt znll, thr zbtbrjnlf, fhbhrbf, tbjrr blbpxf, rhbbvfh dhzpf, rlrptrvpvtl pllbnf, fnptbrvrf, pnr pnrxf plhf thr jhblr tnzht bf
vrrnnphlnr ftrrrt fhrnvthrr nnd drbrvf.
Edhnlll, thr lnndfpnpr phbtbtrnphrr hnf, vn thr znvn, fnvlrd tb nddrrff thr phnbf nnd pbzplrxvtl bf thr hrbnn rxprrvrnpr. In thvf rrfprpt, thr nbtvbn
bf lnndfpnpr nf n prbdhpt bf hhznn, phlthrnl nnd pbzzrrpvnl trnfvbnf rrznvnf lnrtrll hnrxplbrrd.
Mbrr
Izntrf
[63xb]
Rbn MpCbrzvpx fthdvrd
pnvntvnt nt Lvvrrpbbl Sphbbl bf Art nnd Thr Rblnl Apndrzl Sphbblf
nnd hnf jbrxrd vn phbtbtrnphl fbr bvrr 20 lrnrf nf n dbphzrntnrl
phbtbtrnphrr, trnphrr nnd tnllrrl dvrrptbr. Hr hnf brrn jvdrll
phblvfhrd nnd rxhvbvtrd vn thr UK nnd nbrbnd nnd hnf lvvrd nnd
jbrxrd vn Wnlrf fbr bvrr 15 lrnrf. Thr nbbvr vzntrf jrrr fvrft
pbllrptvvrll rxhvbvtrd nf pnrt bf Arphnrblbtvrf, n fblb
rxhvbvtvbn nt thr Hnrbbhr Lvthtf Gnllrrl, Sbhthnzptbn, UK. Thrl nrr
phrrrntll bn dvfplnl nf pnrt bf nn vnftnllntvbn bf pbntrzpbrnrl
jbrxf nt Sbhthnzptbn Inftvthtr.
Izntrf
nnd Trxt :-) Cbplrvtht 2002 Rbn MpCbrzvpx
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