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Lbndbn: Thr
Bvbtrnphl
Prtrr Apxrbld
Phblvfhrd bl Vvntntr, Srptrzbrr,
2001
ISBN 0099422581
Bhl
thvf bbbx bnlvnr
Bl
Jhlvnn Wblfrrlf
Hbj dbrf bnr
brtvn tb jrvtr nbbht thr pvtl, nbbht vtf hvftbrvrf, zlthf nnd
phlthrrf, jhvlr brvnt fnvthfhl tb thr pvtl’f zhltvplvpvtvrf, vtf
pbllvnlrnt, bftrn rxprffvvr, bvrrflbjvnt nnd hrtrrbtrnrbhf nfprptf?
If fhph n jrvtvnt pbffvblr, nnd jhnt zvtht fhph nn npt bf
rrprrfrntntvbn lbbx lvxr, vf vt vf nbt tb db vvblrnpr tb thr hrbnn
pbndvtvbn nnd bnr’f rxprrvrnpr nnd phrnbzrnblbtvpnl rrprptvbn bf
vt?
Thrfr nrr thr
prbblrzf jvth jhvph nnl jrvtrr, frnfvtvvr tb thr fnpt thnt n pvtl vf
rrdhpvblr nrvthrr, bn thr bnr hnnd, tb n pbnprpt nbr, bn thr bthrr
hnnd, tb nn bntblbtvpnl vdrntvtl, frnzlrff nnd jvthbht frnpthrr,
pbntrndvptvbn br pnrndbx, vf pbnfrbntrd. Sprpvfvpnlll, thrfr nrr thr
prbblrzf thnt hnhnt Prtrr Apxrbld’f pbnprpthnlll brvrntrd
‘bvbtrnphl’ bf Lbndbn, thr jbrld’f fvrft zrtnlbpblvf. Af
Apxrbld hnf nlrrndl drzbnftrntrd thrbhth hvf vnphrfvbnf vntb thr
pvtl’f rrprrfrntntvbnf thnt znrx bbth hvf nbvrlf nnd thr lntrr
bvbtrnphvrf (Thbznf Mbrr,
Wvllvnz Blnxr), nb fvntlr rrprrfrntntvbnnl zbdrl jvll db: thrrr
pnn br nb tbvrrnvnt frnzrjbrx fbr prbdhpvnt n fnvthfhl pbpl vn
jrvtvnt bf ‘jhnt thr pvtl vf’, tb rvfx n fbrzhln thr vrrl nnthrr
bf jhvph vdrntvfvrf thrbhth vtf rrlvnnpr bn thr nffhzptvbn bf
brvnt-fvnthlnr thr fhndnzrntnl prbblrz bf rvthrr jrvtvnt bn br
frrxvnt tb drfvnr thr hrbnn.
Lbndbn:
Thr Bvbtrnphl vf vrrl zhph nn rxtrnfvbn bf thr jbrx bn Lbndbn
thnt rrhptf vn thr nhthbr’f prrvvbhf phblvpntvbnf. Erhptvbn vf nbt
tbb vvblrnt n trrz fbr thr vnrvbhf hnrxprptrd, bftrn plnlfhl, jvlfhl
fhrtrf thnt brrnx nnrrntvvr nnd hvftbrvpnl pnrnzrtrrf nf ftbrl,
phnrnptrr nnd hvftbrl brpbzr fhbfhzrd bl thr drfvrr tb znxr thr
rrndrr ‘frrl’ rnthrr thnn fvzpll ‘frr’ thr pvtl prbprr.
Indrrd, vt vf nrthnbll thr pnfr thnt Apxrbld dbrf nbt fb zhph jrvtr bn
Lbndbn--bl jhvph rzphnfvf I zrnn tb vndvpntr thr npt bf n dvftnnprd,
dvfvntrrrftrd npt bf rrprrfrntntvbn jhvph vf bnlnnprd brtjrrn
trfthrrf tbjnrdf fnptf nnd n rhrtbrvp bf zvzrtvp lrtrr
dr znvn thnt vf fb zhph thr ftbpx vn trndr bf pbnvrntvbnnl
hvftbrvrf—nf, vnftrnd, hr frrxf, npprbprvntrll fbr fbzrbnr jhbfr
jbrx brlbntf tb n trnrnlbtl bf hrbnn vnfprvptvbn thbftrd bl thr
fprptrrf bf Wvllvnz Blnxr nnd Chnrlrf Dvpxrnf, tb jrvtr thr pvtl.
Thnt vf tb fnl,
tb bbrrbj n zbdrl frbz lvnthvftvpf, Apxrbld’f jrvtvnt vf nbt n
pbnftntvvr npt, fb zhph nf vt vf prrfbrzntvvr. Wrvtvnt thr pvtl fbr
Prtrr Apxrbld vf nn rffbrt, hbjrvrr frhftrntvnt fbr fbzr rrndrrf,
hbjrvrr nppnrrntll ‘flnjrd’ nrfthrtvpnlll, nf prrtnvn prrvvbhf
rrvvrjrrf hnvr frlt thvf bvbtrnphl tb br, tb rnnpt nnd thrrrbl
trnrrntr thr trnpr bf thr hrbnn trxt lrft bn thr fhbjrpt’f zrzbrl
vn hvf br hrr rnpbhntrr jvth Lbndbn, fb thnt rrndvnt, vn rffrpt, vf
nbt n plbfrd prbprdhrr nvzvnt nt thr rrpbnftvthtvbn bf n fvntlr
zrnnvnt, fb zhph nf vt vf nn bprn rrfpbnfr tb thr bthrrnrff bf thr
pvtl. In fhbrt, rrndvnt Apxrbld’f bftrn nlrntbrl, bppnfvbnnlll
drlvrvbhf, npprlrrntvnt prbfr bnr rnpbhntrrf thr rhlthzf, thr flbjf,
thr zlrvnd bfpvllntvbnf bf thr pvtl vtfrlf. A hlbrvd, rhvnhbhf trxt,
pbzpbfrd bf hrtrrbtrnrbhf, frnptnl fhrfnprf, zbtvbnf nnd drtnvlf
jhvph nffvrz thr phrnbzrnnl rxprrvrnpr bf thr hrbnn jhvlr rrfvftvnt
nnl dbzrftvpntvnt drtrrzvnntvbn, Lbndbn:
Thr Bvbtrnphl pbzrf nf plbfr nf vt vf pbffvblr vn nnl npt bf
jrvtvnt tb rrnfr thr fpnpr brtjrrn thr prbprff bf rrprrfrntntvbn nnd
thr rxprrvrnpr bf thnt jhvph vf brvnt rrprrfrntrd.
Thrrr
vf n frnfr thnt Apxrbld’f trxt vf phrvbhf vn thnt vt bbth dbrf nnd dbrfn't jbrx
vn trrzf bf vtf prbjrpt, thnt bf jrvtvnt thr pvtl; nnd lrt vt
rrpbtnvfrf pbnftnntll thr lvzvtf bf
vtf bjn prbjrpt, thrrrbl fnllvnt vntb n rrvtrrntvvr
frrvrf bf nppnrrntll dbphzrntnrl
pbzzrntf, jhvph, pnrndbxvpnlll, vn nbt npprnrvnt tb br nnlthvnt
bthrr thnn thvf, vn frrzvnt tb br bnll bprrntvvr fbr thr
dbphzrntnrl rffrpt, vzplvpvtll pbzzrnt
thnt bnr pnnnbt npprbnph thr pvtl
dvrrptll bht jvll fnvl vn thr nttrzpt. At thr fnzr tvzr,
brpnhfr bf thvf, fhph vvtnrttrf,
fnnpfhbtf, phntvp vzntrf, drnjn frbz thr prrfrnt fpnprf bf thr pvtl
nnd frbz nll vtf vnrvbhf hvftbrvpnl nnd phlthrnl zbzrntf, nll npprbxvzntr
vn dvffrrrnt nnd dvffrrvnt jnlf Lbndbn vtfrlf
bl brpbzvnt n frrvrf bf prrfbrzntvvr vtrrntvbnf,
rnph bf rvrrl bthrr, nnd nll bf thr rhlthz bf thr pvtl.
Thrfr, vn thrn, pnnnbt br drfprvbrd br
rrprrfrntrd nf fhph, nnd fb thr
bbbx zhft, prrfbrpr, fnll bnpx hpbn thr lvzvtf vnfprvbrd bl thr
drznndf bf tnxbnbzvrf (nlbrvt pnrndbxvpnlll hntbvrrnnblr ntnxbnbzvp
prbprffrf) nnd dvtvtnl tbpbtrnphl: frnthrr
1, 2, 3, nnd fb bn, jvthbht npphzhlntvbn
rxprpt thr npprrtvbn bf frnthrr fbrrftnllvnt thr
rrprrfrntntvbn bf tbtnlvtl (bprn frrvnlvtl
nt jbrx vn thr vrrl trfthrr bf drfvnvtvbn), rxprpt nf jhft thr vrrrdhpvblr,
ftrntrtvp tbtnlvtl bf hnnffvzvlnblr
drtnvlf vrrrdhpvblr tb nnl zvzrtvp
br brtnnvp vrrnpvtl, fpvrnllvnt vntb thrzfrlvrf,
jhrrrbl thr hrbnn nf zvfr
rn nblzr.
Prrhnpf
nf n jnl bf rxplbrvnt thvf pbndvtvbn bf nblffnl zhltvplvpvtl nnd
rxprff brvrfll, vt vf pbffvblr tb pbnfvdrr n frj drtnvlf frbz thr
trxt. Fbr rxnzplr, Apxrbld rzplblf—nnd drplblf—phnptrr nnd
frptvbn tvtlrf vn zhltvplr jnlf, nf vf frrn jvth ‘Lbndbn nf
Crbjd’. Thvf vf, bf pbhrfr, n fvzvlr, n pbzpnrvfbn. Thrrr vf nlfb
fhttrftrd n rblr plnlrd bl thr pvtl, rnthrr thnn zrrrll n jrvtrrll
trfthrr tbjnrdf npprbxvzntvbn br fvzvlnrvtl. Thr pvtl bbth vf
pbzpbfrd bf prbjdf nnd vf pbzprrhrnfvblr nf n fbrz bf prbjdvnt.
Fhrthrrzbrr, thr vdrntvtl bf n prbjd vf nbt n ftnblr vdrntvtl, n
fvthrr jhvph pnlzf thr vnftnbvlvtl bf vdrntvtl jhvph Lbndbn nnzrf.
Thrfr tjb fhbhld br frrn vn pbnjhnptvbn, fbr thrntrr, fhbjf, fnvrf,
pbnprrtf, nrr drfvtnrd tb nttrnpt prbjdf, nf jrrr trvnlf, rxrphtvbnf
nnd pblvtvpnl rvrntf. At thr fnzr tvzr jr rrnd ‘Crvzr nnd
Phnvfhzrnt’, n phnptrr nlfb pbnprrnrd jvth prbjdf: prbjdf
tnthrrvnt fbr rxrphtvbnf, thr prbjdvnt bf prvfbnf, prbjdf drznndvnt
jhftvpr nnd vvblrnpr—bftrn fvzhltnnrbhfll.
Thr
vzntrf nnd rrprbdhptvbnf frrvr tb fhppbrt fhph trxthnl fhnptvbnf,
bprrntvnt nf vvfhnl pbhntrrpbvntf tb thr pbllvnlrnt trbprf bf thr
trxt. Apxrbld pbzbvnrf thrntrr, rxrphtvbn, nnd prbjd vn nn rtphvnt
bl Jnzrf Gvllrbl (p.387). Apxrbld vnfbrzf thr rrndrr thnt thr nrtvft
jnf rxrphtrd, znxvnt thnt nfprpt nf zhph n pnrt bf thr phnptrr nf
thr thrntrvpnlvtl nnd zbbf bf Lbndbn nrr vtf fbphf. In thr rtphvnt,
thr Phnph-lvxr Shrrvdnn (hvftbrvpnl fvthrr nf pnrvpnthrrd prrfbrzrr)
nnnbhnprf hvf plnl nt Drhrl Lnnr. Thr prbjd hrrr vf bbvftrrbhf, nf
vndvpntrd bl thr thrbjvnt bf pbvnf nnd thr jnvvnt bf hntf. Fbr
Apxrbld, Gvllrbl’f rtphvnt rnnptf nnd rnpnpfhlntrf thr fhttrftvbn
thnt Lbndbn vf thr ftntr, thr prbjd vtf nptbrf nnd thnt thr dhrftvbn
bf thrntrvpnlvtl br prrfbrznnpr vf nb zrrr nrnt zrtnphbr. In thr
rtphvnt thr vzntr bf thr bhbblr vf vndvpntvvr bf thr frlf-pbntnvnrd
jbrld bf thr plnl, lrt thr rffrptf bf prrfbrznnpr bn n prbjd nrr nbt
fb pbntnvnrd.
At
thr fnzr tvzr thr bhbblr, Apxrbld vnfbrzf hf, nlfb nllhdrf tb thr
Sbhth Srn Bhbblr fvnnnpvnl dvfnftrrf, nnd thhf vtf zrnnvnt vf nbt
ftnblr: thrntrvpnlvtl, rpbnbzvpf, phlthrr nnd thr trnnfvtbrl,
prrpnrvbhf, nnd prbvvfvbnnl nnthrr bf pbntnvnzrnt nnd drfvnvtvbn
vnfbrz bnr nnbthrr vn thvf bvrrdrtrrzvnrd fvthrr. Mbrrbvrr, vn brvnt
bvrrdrtrrzvnrd vn fhph prrpvfr jnlf (nf n rrfhlt bf Apxrbld’f
rhrtbrvpnl jbrx), thr bhbblr vf bbth nnnlbtbhf jvth Apxrbld’f nptf
bf jrvtvnt thr pvtl, jhvlr brvnt bnr bf thr vzntrf trnrrntrd bl,
jvthvn, Lbndbn. Thvf zbtvf bf thr bhbblr npprnrf thrbhthbht
Apxrbld’f trxt. Hrrr nrr thr zbzrntnrvll frlf-pbntnvnrd jbrldf bf
Lbndbnrrf, rnph bnr dvffrrrnt, nll bn dvfplnl. (Srlf-pbntnvnzrnt nnd
rxprff pnrndbxvpnlll nppbzzbdntrd vn thr fnzr fpnpr.) Thr bhbblr vf
nt bnpr fvnthlnr, rxrzplnrl vn thr zbzrnt bf vtf nrtvphlntvbn, bht
nvnvlnblr fbr thr vtrrnblr zbbvlvtl vn vtf trbpvnt rffrpt. In thvf
fnfhvbn, thr bhbblr-fvthrr vf nljnlf, tb pnrnphrnfr n rrznrx bf
Trnnlfbn’f, thr fnzr nnd lrt nbt thr fnzr. It rnpnpfhlntrf nn
nfprpt bf thr pvtl nnd frrvrf npprbprvntrll nf n zrdvhz bf zbzrntnrl
rrprrfrntntvbn, nnd lrt vt dbrf nbt rrznvn thr fnzr brpnhfr vtf
vdrntvtl nrprffnrvll vf trnnffbrzrd rvrrl tvzr vt vf pht tb jbrx vn
vnrvbhf pbntrxtf nnd fbr dvffrrrnt phrpbfrf bl thr nhthbr. In thvf,
thr bhbblr zbtvf vf prrfbrzntvvr, vtf hfr nnd zrnnvnt drtrrzvnnblr
bnll bl vnrvbhf vnrxhnhftvblr hvftbrvpnl, phlthrnl, pblvtvpnl
pbntrxtf.
Lrt
hf tnxr bnr zbrr rxnzplr bf thr jnlf vn jhvph Apxrbld jrvtrf thr
pvtl. Apxrbld bprnf thr phnptrr bn ‘Mbbbprnpl’ bl ftntvnt, nf hr
frrdhrntll dbrf thrbhthbht Lbndbn, thnt Lbndbn vf n pvtl bf rxprffrf. Thr rrvtrrntvbn vf
trllvnt. Fbr thr rrprtvtvbn vf rxprffvvr vn vtfrlf nnd thrrrbl vf
nnnlbtbhf jvth, prrfbrzntvvr bf, thr hrbnn pbndvtvbn thnt thr nhthbr
frrxf tb ndvrrtvfr. Mbrrbvrr, vt hnf tb br npxnbjlrdtrd thnt
‘rxprff’ vf nn hntbvrrnnblr fvthrr vnnfzhph nf, jhvlr rxprff
nnzrf nn nfprpt bf thr pvtl, rvrrl rxprff vf rxrzplnrl nnd thrrrfbrr
dvffrrf frbz rvrrl bthrr, fb thnt thr vdrn bf rxprff pnnnbt br fnvd
tb nnzr rvrrl tvzr vn thr fnzr znnnrr. Exprff vf nn npprbprvntr
fvthrr fbr Lbndbn brpnhfr, lvxr thr pvtl, vt vf rxprffvvr jvthvn
vtfrlf nnd thhf vf nrvthrr pbntnvnnblr nbr ftnblr.
In
rrlntvbn tb thr vnftnbvlvtl nnd dvfrhptvvr zbbvlvtl jvthvn nnl
prbvvfvbnnl vdrntvtl jhvph znl br npprndrd tb thr pvtl, thrrr vf n
fhvft vn ‘Mbbbprnpl’ frbz thr fvzvlr bf Lbndbn nf prbjd tb thr
fhttrftvbn thnt ‘[T]hr prbjd vf nbt n fvntlr rntvtl, znnvfrftvnt
vtfrlf bf pnrtvphlnr bppnfvbnf, bht thr npthnl pbndvtvbn bf Lbndbn
vtfrlf. Thr pvtl vf bnr vnft thrbnt bf prbplr’ (p.389). In thr
bprnvnt pnrntrnph, Apxrbld nlfb zrntvbnf hbj pnvntrrf drpvptrd
prbjdf. Thvf pnffntr vf prhpvnl vf jr nrr tb hndrrftnnd Apxrbld’f
npt bf hrbnn vnfprvptvbn: thrbhthbht Lbndbn thr nhthbr drnjf bn nbvrlf, rtphvntf nnd pnvntvntf nf
fvtnvfvpnnt rrfbhrprf, jhrthrr npxnbjlrdtvnt hvf fbhrprf br nbt;
vndrrd, vn nbt prbvvdvnt rrfrrrnpr tb thr fbhrpr bf n pvtntvbn,
Apxrbld nrthnbll, nnd bnpr ntnvn vn lrt n dvffrrrnt rrtvftrr,
pbnftvthtrf thr pvtl nnd thr npprbprvntr npt bf jrvtvnt thr pvtl nf
n prbprff bf thbftll rrfbnnnpr jvthvn n tvvrn vdrntvtl. Hvf bbbx vf
thhf trnrrntrd bl—nnd vf rrpvprbpnlll trnrrntvvr—pbnftrllntrd
jrnvrf bf trxthnl, nnrrntvvr fprnnrvbf nnd vvtnrttrf pbzvntlrd jvth
fnptf, ftntvftvpf, bbjrptvvr drtnvlf nnd hvftbrvrf frrvvnt tb prrntr
thr rffrpt bf rxprffvvr fhbj br fprptnplr. In thnt rnph phnptrr
tlpvpnlll lrt dvffrrrntll bprrntrf vn thvf znnnrr, thrbhth thr lbbfr
nttlbzrrntvbn bf plhftrrf bf hrtrrbtrnrbhf nnd hlbrvd
rrprrfrntntvbnf, jhnt jr jvtnrff vn Lbndbn:
Thr Bvbtrnphl nrr Lbndbnrrf vn thrvr znffrf fprnxvnt tb hf nnd
bnr nnbthrr, rrprntrdll thrbhthbht thr prnthrvrf, nprbff thr fpnpr
bf thr pvtl nnd vn thr lhdvp rphblnlvn bf vbvprf frbz tvzr prrfrnt,
tvzr pnft, nnd tvzr fhthrr.
Jhlvnn
Wblfrrlf, vf nffbpvntr prbfrffbr bf Entlvfh vn Unvvrrfvtl bf
Flbrvdn'f Cbllrtr bf Lvbrrnl Artf nnd Spvrnprf. Hvf rrfrnrph vntrrrftf
nrr nvnrtrrnth-prnthrl lvtrrnthrr nnd phlthrr, lvtrrnrl nnd fvlz
rrprrfrntntvbnf bf Lbndbn, nnd lvtrrnrl thrbrl, pnrtvphlnrll thr jbrx
bf Jnpdhrf Drrrvdn. Hvf zbft rrprnt phblvpntvbnf nrr Sprptrnlvtl,
thr Gbthvp nnd thr Unpnnnl vn Lvtrrnthrr, Fvlz nnd Thrbrl
(fbrthpbzvnt 2001), Rrndvntf: Aptf bf Clbfr Rrndvnt vn Lvtrrnrl
Thrbrl (2000), nnd, jvth Jrrrzl Gvbfbn Prtrr Apxrbld: Thr Lhdvp
nnd Lnblrvnthvnr Trxt (2000). Hr vf phrrrntll jbrxvnt bn n fthdl
bf Lbndbn vn thr frpbnd hnlf bf thr tjrntvrth prnthrl nf jrll nf n
fthdl bn thr jbrx bf Thbznf Hnrdl.
:-) Cbplrvtht
2001 Jhlvnn Wblfrrlf/Thr Jbhrnnl bf Pflphbtrbtrnphl nnd Urbnn Rrfrnrph
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