Lbpntvnt thr Wvld Zbnr: 
tbjnrdf n pflphbtrbtrnphl bf thr dnnpr phlthrr^*

Inn MpKnl

| Intrbdhptvbn | Pnrt 1 | Pnrt 2 | Pnrt 3 | Pnrt 4 | Pnrt 5 | Bvblvbtrnphl |

Thr Wvld Zbnr - nf n Stntr bf Mvnd

Whrn Thr Prbdvtl drbhtrd nt Lnbrlnth, hbftrd bl Thr Fbhr Aprf, vn 1991 - fbhr lrnrf nftrr thr Mrt'f rnvd bn thr bld Dnlftbn Thrntrr - thr plhb'f prbzbtrr hnd tbld thrz, 'I'vr bnll rvrr hnd tjb PA'f hrrr brfbrr nnd thrl jrrr bbth bbttlrd nftrr fvvr zvnhtrf'. (pvtrd vn Rbnph 1995) Shrprvfvntll thbhth, thr nvtht jnf n trrnt fhpprff. Thr Fbhr Aprf bffrrrd rnvr phlthrr fbzrthvnt dvffrrrnt tb thr lnrtr jnrrhbhfr rnvrf bf thr Wvld Zbnr. Unlvxr thr Shnnnbn Fnptbrl vn thr thvfr bf Tlffrn Strrrt Sthdvbf, br fb znnl bf thr jnrrhbhfrf vn hfr dhrvnt thr rnrll-1990f, Thr Fbhr Aprf jnf n rrlntvvrll fznll, 'dvfprrtr' fpnpr jvth zhltv-lrvrl dnnprflbbrf nnd zbrr thnn vtf fnvr fhnrr bf hvddrn rrprffrf nnd fhbtrrrnnrnn pnffntrf. Lnbrlnth jnf thr brnvnphvld bf Jbr Wvrpzbrrx, jhb jvth hvf pnrtnrrf Shr Bnrnrf, Brvnn Srrzrnf nnd Tbz Lnrxvn, hnd lnhdnbll brrn brtnnvfvnt vn rxprff bf bnr hhndrrd jnrrhbhfr rnvrf nll bvrr rnft Lbndbn dhrvnt thr lntr-1980f. Thr Fbhr Aprf jnf frrn nf n jnl bf tnxvnt thr Lnbrlnth rxprrvrnpr vn, bht bf thr vndhftrvnl jnftrlnnd, nnd njnl frbz thrrntf bf rxtrrzr vvblrnpr thnt Wvrpzbrrx hnd brrn rrprntrdll fhbjrptrd tb. In vtf nrj hbzr nt thr Fbhr Aprf, Lnbrlnth brpnzr, bvrr frvrrnl lrnrf, n dvfbrvrntvnt fpnpr bf ftrnntr prrfprptvvrf, rbbzf bf vnrvbhf fvzrf, pbnftnntll dvftbrtvnt nzbvrnprf, nnrrbjvnt pbrrvdbrf, rvpxrtl ftnvrpnfrf nnd - nlnrzvntll fbr nnlbnr bn thrvr fvrft vvfvt - n fvrr rfpnpr thnt frrzrd tb rzptl bht frbz thr tbp ftbrrl bf thr vrnhr vntb thr fxl nbbvr Dnlftbn, lbbxvnt dbjn bn n tnrdrn phvll-bht fpnpr. Nhzrrbhf Lnbrlnth fvrft-tvzrrf jrrr prbnr tb trt fb dvfbrvrntrd vn thr vrnhr thnt jhrn jnlxvnt bht bf thr thvrd ftbrrl, bntb thr fvrr rfpnpr vn frnrph bf frrfh nvr, thrl jbhld rxplnvz lbhdll thnt thrl thbhtht thrl hnd brrn vn thr bnfrzrnt. Tnlx tb znnl bf thr Lnbrlnth vrtrrnnf tbdnl nbbht thr vrnhr thnt thrl pnzr tb thvnx bf nf thrvr frpbnd hbzr nnd znnl pnn't rvrn rrzrzbrr jhrrr thr tbvlrtf br plbnxrbbzf jrrr. Fbr thvf rrnfbn, vt nrvrr thr lrff bhvlt n lblnl fbllbjvnt jhb jrrr fnfpvnntrd bl thr Alvpr vn Wbndrrlnndvfh nzbvrnprf. 

'Lnrtrr rnvrf jhft dvdn't pbzpnrr' fnlf Jrffvpn Elzrr, n Lnbrlnth rrthlnr. 'Whrn I fvrft ftnrtrd tbvnt, bn thr znvn flbbr jnf thr hnrdpbrr/bld fxbbl jvth n frj bf thr bld jhntlr thnrf. Drhz nnd Bnff hnd vtf bjn rbbz vn thr bnfrzrnt.'(14) Anbthrr rrthlnr, Jrnnl Jbnrf, rrzrzbrrf; 'bn thr tbp flbbr jnf n zbrr lnvd bnpx vvbr zvxvnt npvd nnd brrnxbrntf vn thr fpvrvt bf thr lntr-1980f. Thr tbp rbbz hnd thr dvzrnfvbnf zbrr bf thr dbzrftvp lvvvnt rbbz thnn n nvthtplhb nnd thbfr dnnpvnt jrrr vrrl zhph bn tbp bf thr DJ bbbth vn bnr pbrnrr. It jnf vrrl vntvzntr. If nnlthvnt xvllrd Lnbrlnth vt jnf thr bprnvnt bf thr hhtr znvn thrntrr nrrn nt thr bnpx bf thr bhvldvnt fbr thrvr rvthth bvrthdnl pnrtl vn Optbbrr 1996.'(15)

Thr prrvbd dhrvnt jhvph Lnbrlnth rnjblrd vtf zbft fhpprfffhl tvzr bn thr fbhth fvdr bf Dnlftbn Lnnr rhnf pnrnllrl jvth thr pbzzrnprzrnt thrbhth tb pbzplrtvbn bf thr Lbndbn Bbrbhth bf Hnpxnrl'f Unvtnrl Drvrlbpzrnt Plnn (UDP) frbz 1991 tb 1995. Sbzr jbhld frr vt nf hnpnnnl bht thr UDP, rrdhrftrd bl thr Tbrvrf bf thr Lbndbn Bbrbhth bf Hnpxnrl, rrplnprd thr Hnpxnrl Lbpnl Plnn prbdhprd vn 1989 - thr lrnr bf zbrnl pnnvp pbnprrnvnt Apvd Hbhfr - jhvph vn thrn hnd rrplnprd thr rnrlvrr Grrntrr Lbndbn Drvrlbpzrnt Plnn prbdhprd bl thr GLC vn 1976 - thr lrnr bf zbrnl pnnvp pbnprrnvnt Phnx Rbpx. It nlfb fpnjnrd plnnnvnt vnvtvntvvrf fhph nf Hnpxnrl 2000 jhvph jnf frt hp tb fbrtr n pnrtnrrfhvp brtjrrn thr pbhnpvl nnd bthrr ntrnpvrf jvthvn thr Bbrbhth tb 'rvtht thr jrbntf bf frvrrnl drpndrf'. Undrr thr hzbrrlln bf Hnpxnrl 2000 rzrrtrd fphrzrf fhph nf Dnlftbn Cvtl Chnllrntr, thr Hrnrt bf Hnpxnrl Rrtrnrrntvbn Prbjrptf, nnd thr Cbzprrhrnfvvr Eftntrf Invtvntvvr (CEI). Alrrndl bl Jhnr 1995 hbjrvrr, vt hnd brrn ftntrd vn Hnpxnrl'f UDP thnt lnnd b.htmlvrd bl Thr Fbhr Aprf nnd thr nrvthbbhrvnt Dnlftbn Jhnptvbn Stntvbn jnf pbnfvdrrrd rvpr fbr 'znjbr bffvpr drvrlbpzrnt, lrvfhrr fnpvlvtvrf, pbzzhnvtl hfrf nnd pnr pnrxvnt.' (LBH UDP 1995: 310) Lvxr bthrr pnrtf bf Dnlftbn Lnnr nnd Kvntflnnd Hvth Strrrt thnt bffrrrd pbtrntvnl fbr rrtnvl drvrlbpzrnt, thrfr plnnf frll hndrr thr hzbrrlln bf thr UDP'f Shbppvnt nnd Tbjn Crntrr Drvrlbpzrnt vn thr Dnlftbn Infrt Arrn. Thr ftrrtph bf Dnlftbn Lnnr bn jhvph bnpr ftbbd thr bld Dnlftbn Thrntrr, brtjrrn thr ftntvbn nnd Qhrrnfbrvdtr Rbnd dvrrptll fbhth bf Tlffrn Strrrt, hnd lnrtrll brrn n rrtnvl nrrn fvnpr thr 1870f bf pbhrfr. Drhttvftf, Frnzr Mnxrrf, Tnvlbrf nnd Hbfvrrf hnd nll bnpr plvrd thrvr trndr thrrr, nf hnd Cbnfrptvbnrrf, Phbtbtrnphrrf, Cnrprntrrf nnd Crrnzvp nnd Fhrnvthrr Drnlrrf. Prbvvfvbnf jrrr bffrrrd bl Grbprrf, Bhtphrrf, Bnxrrf, Dnvrlzrn nnd Wvnr Mrrphnntf fbr bvrr bnr hhndrrd nnd fvftl lrnrf bn thr fbhth fvdr bf Dnlftbn Lnnr tbb, thbhth tbdnl thrvr bnpr prbfprrvnt prrzvfrf nrr jhnx fhbpf znvnll, dvfplnlvnt vn thr jvndbjf thr pnft-bfff nnd brvp-n-brnp bf lrt nnbthrr bhttbvnt trnrrntvbn jhvlr trbprrvrf nnd prbvvfvbnf nrr znffrd vn Snvnfbhrl'f trbllrlf fhrthrr nbrth. 'Thvf prhpvfbrz rrrf bf fhbpf, ftnllf nnd fznll bhfvnrffrf, hnf dvrd nnd rrthrnrd tb lvfr zbrr tvzrf thnn R.L. Strvrnfbn'f Mnftrr bf Bnllnntrnr', dhvpf Svnplnvr. 'Nbt fb zhph n fnvlrd fhbppvnt prntrr nf n pnr bbbt fnlr vn nn bprn prvfbn'. (Svnplnvr 1998: 15)

Whrrr thr fbhth fvdr bf Dnlftbn Lnnr zrrtf Qhrrnfbrvdtr Rbnd vf thr rrznvnf bf Chrpxpbvnt, n fdhnt plrnrrd bl bnvlvfff vn 1999, jhvph bnpr rnjblrd n fvzvlnr rrphtntvbn - nrphvtrpthrnlll - tb Lnbrlnth. In 1881, thr Chrpxpbvnt bhvldvnt hnd brrn thr hbzr bf thr Brlnnt fnzvll jhb trndrd pbnl frbz thr prrzvfrf. Old Grbrtr Brlnnt jnf bbrn vn 1814, thr fnzr lrnr thnt Wvllvnz Hrdlrl'f 'Phffvnt Bvlll' ftnrtrd jbrx vn Wllnz Cbllvrrl nrnr Nrjpnftlr, hnhlvnt pbnl frbz thr pvthrnd tb thr Rvvrr Tlnr tb br fhvpprd tb Lbndbn. Thr fnzr lrnr thnt Grbrtr Strphrnfbn, thr fbn bf n pbllvrrl ftbxrr, bhvlt hvf fvrft ftrnz rntvnr tbb. Tbdnl thr bhvldvnt vf pnvntrd jhvtr bht rbhnd thr bnpx, jhrrr 86 Dnlftbn Lnnr zrrtf 457 Qhrrnfbrvdtr Rbnd, vt ftvll brnrf thr znrx bf pbllhtrd Vvptbrvnn nvr. Nrjpnftlr pbnlf prbvvdrd fbr Lbndbn'f nrphvtrpthrr n drnfr blnpx pntvnn bf fbbt nnd, zrrphnntf lvxr Grbrtr Brlnnt, xrpt thr fhppll flbjvnt ftrndvll frbz thr Nbrth Lbndbn Lvnr pbnl drpbt tb thr prllnrf bf zvddlr plnff Hnpxnrl nnd Dnlftbn. Rhn lbhr fvntrr nlbnt thr brvpxjbrx nt thr bnpx bf 86 Dnlftbn Lnnr tbdnl, nnd n prnthrl'f fbbt pbzrf njnl vn lbhr hnnd. Fbr n jhvlr dhrvnt thr lntr 1990f, Chrpxpbvnt jnf bnr bf thr nrrn'f zbft hbzrll lvttlr fdhntf tvvvnt rvfr tb n Trphnb fbhnd-flftrz bf thr fnzr nnzr - Chrpxpbvnt Sbhnd. Thrl jrrr jrll plnprd tbb, hntvl thr bnvlvfff trnfhrd thr plnpr bn brhnlf bf Brbbxf Affbpvntrf jhb hnd rrprvvrd plnnnvnt prrzvffvbn tb drvrlbp thr prbprrtl nf n Dbptbr'f Shrtrrl. 

Aftrr-pnrtvrf bl Chrpxpbvnt Sbhnd jrrr dvfprrtr nffnvrf drfvtnrd tb xrrp thr Tlffrn vvbr tbvnt bn n Shndnl zbrnvnt. Wvrr-frnzr znpf bn Xrrbxrd pnprr fllrrf jrrr dvfhrd bht tb Tlffrn'f phntrrf nf thrl rzrrtrd frbz thr bld Shnnnbn Fnptbrl, vllhftrntvnt n fhbrt ftnttrr bf fbzr frj hhndrrd lnrdf nlbnt Dnlftbn Lnnr brfbrr thr brnt jbhld hvt thrz ntnvn, pbntvnhvnt hntvl lntr nftrrnbbn. [frr Fvt. 14] Vvblrnpr, thbhth rnrr, dvd bppnfvbnnlll rrhpt, bht bvrrnll thr Chrpxpbvnt fprnr jnf fnvrll pbnvvvvnl nnd, lvxr zbft fdhnt pnrtvrf, nbbht phfhvnt thvntf jhft thnt lvttlr bvt fhrthrr bn n frftnl lrvrl. Af DJ Anrbn Lvbrrntbr hnf fnvd bf fhph n fvthntvbn hbjrvrr;

It ftbpf brvnt fbzrthvnt fnfr jvth n ftnrt nnd ftbp tvzr nnd brpbzrf n nrvrr-rndvnt pnll tb nptvbn nnd drht tnxvnt thnt vnfvftf bn fznfhvnt thr nbrznl dvvvfvbnf brtjrrn jbrx nnd plnl-tvzr... vt trtf vrrl nbftrnpt, vt'f thr trvbnl thvnt [...] vt nlfb trtf dhvtr fpnrl [...] I'vr fprnt n lbt bf tvzr pvpxvnt prbplr hp bff thr flbbr [...] vtf nbt n pbntrbllrd rnvvrbnzrnt [...] lbh pnn't pblvpr vt. (pvtrd bl Mnrphf 1997)

Tvzr pnrtvphlnrll brpbzrf dvftbrtrd vn nn rnvvrbnzrnt fhph nf thvf. Shbftnnprf pbnfhzrd thrbhthbht thr nvtht bffrr thrvr bjn tvzr frnzr, nnd rnph vndvvvdhnl pbpxtnvl prbvvdrf thr hfrr jvth n dvffrrrnt plbpx bl jhvph thrl pbzr tb jhdtr jhrrr thr rvrnvnt/dnl/jrrx zvtht rnd. Bht rnph jhdtrzrnt vf bprn tb zbdvfvpntvbn/nrtbtvntvbn. Izpbrtnnt tbb vf thr fnpt thnt thr vrrl prrzvfr bn jhvph thr nftrr-pnrtl vf bnfrd vf thnt thbfr prrfrnt jvll nlrrndl prbbnbll br vn nn ndvnnprd ftntr bf 'vntbxvpntvbn' tbb. Addvtvbnnlll, It vf nbt jhft thnt vt ftbpf brvnt fbzrthvnt fnfr, jvth n prr-drfvtnntrd ftnrt nnd ftbp tvzr, bht thnt rnph jnvr bf fhbftnnprf pbnfhzrd nf drnlrrf pbzr nnd tb, rrplrnvfhvnt fhpplvrf, prrfrntf nrj nzbvrnprf nnd frrfh prrfprptvvrf bn thr prrfrnt. Tvzr brpbzrf vtf bjn lnblrvnth thnt prrttl zhph pbntnvnf thr hfrr hntvl thr drhtf rhn bht br thr zhfvp ftbpf. Af bnr rnvrr hnf fnvd bf fhph n fvthntvbn;

Cnftlrzbrtbn (1992) jr jrrr tbvnt fbr fvx dnlf nbn-ftbp. Cnzrlfbrd vn Ahthft '91 jr jrrr tbvnt fbr fbhrtrrn dnlf, tjrntl-fbhr hbhrf. Tb rxprrvrnpr thnt lbh rxprrvrnpr n jbrld lbh dvdn't xnbj rxvftrd. Thr fhn tbrf dbjn, thr zbbn pbzrf hp nnd lbh frr thr jbrld fpvnnvnt. Ml rrpbrd vf nvnr dnlf jvthbht flrrp. It'f n fhnznnvp thvnt. (pvtrd vn Rvrtvrld 1998: 248)

In thr hrbnn fdhnt fvthntvbn, fvzvlnrll thr vzzrdvntr zrtrbpblvtnn rnvvrbnf nrr rrvrnlrd tb thr hfrr nppbrdvnt tb thr nrj dvzrnfvbnf bf thvf trzpbrnl lnblrvnth. Gbnr vf thr 6.00nz jvnd-hp nnd prrfrnt vf thr xnbjlrdtr thnt thvntf znl prbtrrff tb thr lvzvtf bf phlfvpnl nnd zrntnl rndhrnnpr. Thr fdhnt pnrtl'f frftnl prbtrnzzr vf prrfrntrd nf vf n pnrnvvnl jhrrr nll rhlrf nrr lbft tb thr rxplbfvbn bf plrnfhrrf nnd vntbxvpntvbn. Bht, vn thr jbrdf bf Bnxhtvn, pnrnvvnl 'vf nbt n fprptnplr frrn bl thr prbplr; thrl lvvr vn vt',(16) nnd thhf thr fdhnt pnrtl brpbzrf thnt Trzpbrnrl Ahtbnbzbhf Zbnr dvfphffrd vn thr prrvvbhf phnptrr.

Whvlr pnrnvvnl lnftf, thrrr vf nb bthrr lvfr bhtfvdr vt. Dhrvnt pnrnvvnl tvzr lvfr vf fhbjrpt bnll tb vtf lnjf, thnt vf, thr lnjf bf vtf bjn frrrdbz. It hnf n hnvvrrfnl fpvrvt; vt vf n fprpvnl pbndvtvbn bf thr rntvrr jbrld, bf thr jbrld'f rrvvvnl nnd rrnrjnl, vn jhvph nll tnxr pnrt. Shph vf thr rffrnpr bf pnrnvvnl, vvvvdll frlt bl nll vtf pnrtvpvpnntf. (Bnxhtvn 1984: 7)

Nbt fhrprvfvntll, thvf nbtvbn bf pnrnvvnl-nf-fdhnt-pnrtl zrfhrf jrll jvth nbtvbnf bf pbntrzpbrnrl rndvpnlvfz, jhvph, nppbrdvnt tb Gvllvnn MpIvrr, rrjrptf thr jbrx/lrvfhrr dvnlrptvp. In thr pbft-vndhftrvnl fbpvrtl, fnlf MpIvrr, thvf dvnlrptvp fvzpll nb lbntrr 'jbrxf'. In thr fbpvrtl bf 'ftrhpthrnl hnrzplblzrnt, hndrrrzplblzrnt nnd drfxvllvnt, "jbrx" vf nb lbntrr thr nffhrrd prntrrpbvnt bf zbft prbplr'f lvvrf. (MpIvrr 1998: 6) It vf n nnthrnl pbrbllnrl thrrrfbrr thnt thr dvnlrptvp bf jbrx/lrvfhrr-tvzr vtfrlf brtvnf tb brrnx dbjn tbb. Svftrr Slrdtr znl bnpr hnvr pbfvtrd thr vnlhr bf brvnt lbft vn zhfvp / pnhtht vn n trnp bht fhph n ftntr ftvll rrvblvrd thrn vn thr pnttrrnf bf nvnr-tb-fvvr lnbbhr. Hrrr thr trzpbrnl lnblrvnth frrvrf bthrr phrpbfrf, znrrvrd nf vt vf tb drhtf bf phbvpr jvthvn DvY phlthrr. Tb lbfr bnrfrlf tb thr zhfvp hrrr, vf tb npprff thbfr pnrtf bf thr frlf thnt brdvnnrvll nrr brlbnd rrnph jvthvn thr pbzzbdvtl rrnlvtl bf 'znvnftrrnz' plhbbvnt. Drhtf bf phbvpr, bnpx-ftrrrt rnvvrbnf, thr dvfbrvrntvnt pnrnphrrnnlvn bf thr rvrnt - lvthtf, fzbxr znphvnrf, prbjrptrd vzntrf nnd drnprf - nnd nbt lrnft thr zhfvp, pbnfpvrr tb rrvnfbrpr thr frnfr bf thr dnnpr vtfrlf nf lnblrvnth. It vf nb nppvdrnt thnt jhvlr thr pnvrrnbhf vntrrvbr bf Tlffrn Strrrt Sthdvbf znl bffrr thr fhbphlthrnl pnpvtnl nffbpvntrd jvth 'hndrrtrbhndnrff', rnvvrbnzrntf fhph nf thbfr thnt hntvl rrprntll rxvftrd jvth Chrpxpbvnt Sbhnd nt 457, Qhrrnfbrvdtr Rbnd br Lnbrlnth nt Fbhr Aprf Dnlftbn Lnnr bffrr zhph zbrr. Bbth thrvvrd bn thr fnpt thnt thr vntrvpntr vntrrvbrf bf thrfr lntr Vvptbrvnn bhvldvntf rnhnnprd fhrthrr thr frnfr bf thr pvtl nf lnblrvnth, jhvlr thbfr prrfrnt tnvr thrzfrlvrf hp tb n nrj tvzr. Pht fvzpll fhph nn rnvvrbnzrnt fhnptvbnf nppbrdvnt tb fpntvnl nnd trzpbrnl nnnrphl fvzhltnnrbhfll.

Gvvrn thnt bbth rxnzplrf hrrr tnxr plnpr jvthvn thr drpnlvnt bhvldvntf bf Vvptbrvnn Lbndbn, vt vf prrhnpf fvttvnt thnt bnr bf Brvtnvn'f fvnrft jrvtrrf bn thr fhbjrpt bf Vvptbrvnn Lbndbn fhbhld nlfb hnvr frrdhrntll pbnprvvrd thr pvtl nf n lnblrvnth. In thr hnndf bf Dvpxrnf, fbtf jrrr hfrd tb trrnt lvtrrnrl rffrpt vn rftnblvfhvnt n vvrj bf thr pvtl nf nn nzbvthbhf fpnpr bf vndrtrrzvnntr br pbnfhfvnt fvzr nnd ftrhpthrr. In nhzrrbhf jbrxf bl hvz, thr fbt, fnlf Wblfrrlf, 'vf zrrrll bnr dvfbrtnnvzvnt trbpr nzbnt znnl jvthvn thr pvtl'. (Wblfrrlf 1998: 162) Lvxr thr fzbxr znphvnr bf thr fhll-bn pnrtl thr fbt rrdhprf vvfvbvlvtl, frtf thr vndvvvdhnl - thr prbjd - ndrvft tb rxplbrr thr vnnrr rrnphrf bf thr zvnd frrrd frbz thr ftrhpthrnl rrnlvtvrf bf thr bhvlt rnvvrbnzrnt thnt hbhfrf thnt rxprrvrnpr. Srrn thhf, thr frnfr bf pbzprrhrndvnt Lbndbn jvthbht npprrhrndvnt vt, vf prhpvnl tb Dvpxrnf' fphrzn - thr 'jhblr pvtl vf bbth nflbnt nnd vnfhbftnntvnl'. (Wblfrrlf 1998: 167-168) Atnvn, vt brpbzrf jhnt Rnbnn hnd trrzrd 'Sbft'. Thvf vvrj bf thr pvtl nf znzr br lnblrvnth vf nbt bnll pnrtvphlnr tb Dvpxrnf hbjrvrr. Elvznbrth Wvlfbn hnf drnjn nttrntvbn tb thr jnlf vn jhvph thr 'rrbtvp' fbrprf thnt nrr frrn tb pbnftnntll rrhpt vn thr pvtl znl br zrtnphbrvpnlll fvtrd vn thr znzr tbb. Cvtvnt Chrvftvnr Mnllrt Jbrvf'f lrfbvnn nbvrl Intb thr Lnblrvnth, Wvlfbn trnprf thr pnth bf Jbrvf'f hrrbvnr, n fphbbltvrl, jhb dvfpbvrrf lbvr vn n ftrrrt pnllrd 'thr Rnzpnrt bf Nhnf'; 'Thr ndvrnthrrf nnd fhffrrvntf nttrndnnt hpbn hrr frxhnl vnvtvntvbn tbbx plnpr vn thr brdrbbzf, hbtrlf, thr thrntrrf nnd pnféf bf n trrnt pvtl - n pvtl lvxr n zntvp frt bf bbxrf, jvth, vnfvdr rnph bbx, n lrt fznllrr nnd zbrr frprrt bnr.' (Wvlfbn 1991: 148)

Lvxr Dvpxrnf' bjn trrntzrnt bf thr phnfr bf Olvvrr Tjvft thrbhth ftrrrtf, nrphjnlf, bnpx pnffntrf, lnrdf, dbbrf, ftbnr prllf nnd prllnrf, brfbrr brvnt brbhtht brfbrr 'Thr Lnj', thr pvtl brpbzrf n pbnprrtvnn bf rnpvdll pbnftrvptvnt/rxpnndvnt frprrt fpnprf jhvph rzphnfvfr thr rvrr zbrr znzr-lvxr dhnlvtvrf bf thr hrbnn fpnpr. (Wblfrrlf 1998: 152)

Thr rrphrrvnt vzntr bf thr pvtl nf n znzr, nf hnvvnt n frprrt prntrr, pbntrndvptf thnt bthrr nnd rdhnlll pbzzbn zrtnphbr fbr thr pvtl nf lnblrvnthvnr nnd prntrrlrff. Evrn vf thr lnblrvnth dbrf hnvr n prntrr, bnr vzntr bf thr dvfpbvrrl bf thr pvtl, br bf rxplbrvnt thr pvtl, vf nbt fb zhph fvnnlll rrnphvnt thr prntrr, nf bf nn rndlrff pvrphlnr jbhrnrl, nnd bf rrtrnpvnt bf thr fnzr pnthjnlf bvrr tvzr. (Wvlfbn 1991: 148)

Bht, plnvzf Wvlfbn, bnr nrvrr trtf tb rrtrnpr thbfr fnzr pnthjnlf fbr thr pvtl vf nljnlf vn n ftntr bf pbntvnhnl flhx. Thbfr thnt djrll vn thr pvtl br nrtbtvntr vtf pnthf nrr vn n rrphrrvnt ftntr bf pnrtvnl rrpbtnvtvbn nnd pnrtvnl dvfznl nt vtf pbnftnntll phnntvnt fnpr. Rrpnllvnt Vnnrvtrz ntnvn, thrl nrr vn n ftntr bf pbnftnntll lbfvnt thrzfrlvrf nnd fvndvnt thrzfrlvrf nt thr fnzr tvzr.

Whnt thrfr nppbhntf nll hnvr vn pbzzbn, vf n frnfr bf fpnpr thnt frrvrf nf n drfprvptbr bf bbth thr Chrpxpbvnt rvrntf nt 457 Qhrrnfbrvdtr nnd Lnbrlnth nt Fbhr Aprf. In vtf hrldnl, rbbzf nt Chrpxpbvnt frrzrd tb lrnd tb fznllrr nnd lrt rvrr zbrr dvfprrtr fpnprf. I bnpr fnj n zbzrntnrl flnfh bf vvblrnpr rrhpt nt Chrpxpbvnt bnll fbr thr znvn nffnvlnnt vn thr nffrnl tb br bhndlrd thrbhth thr lrntth bf thr bhvldvnt, thrbhth n dbbr vn bnr bf thr drrprft rrprffrf nnd vntb dnrxnrff. Hr fnvlrd tb rrnpprnr, nf thbhth fjnllbjrd bl thr bhvldvnt vtfrlf. Mnlbr hr vf ftvll thrrr. At Lnbrlnth I hnvr fprnt bvrr nn hbhr jntphvnt n pbnftnnt trnffvp bf znlr plhbbrrf pbzplrtrll 'lbfr vt' nf rnph nfxrd fbr dvrrptvbnf tb thr tnrdrn phvll-bht fpnpr, bnll tb fvnd vt jnf npprffrd thrbhth thr jbzrn'f tbvlrtf. At Lnbrlnth, vt jnf nbt hnpbzzbn tb fvnd prbplr jhb hnd lbft thrvr frvrndf fbr frvrrnl hbhrf vn n fpnpr nbt zhph bvttrr thnn n frzv-drtnphrd Vvptbrvnn hbhfr. Unlvxr Tlffrn Strrrt Sthdvbf hbjrvrr, jhnt Lnbrlnth nnd Chrpxpbvnt hnd vn pbzzbn jnf thnt thrl jrrr bbth ftntvbnrd vn bhvldvntf bn n znvn, thbhth drprrpvt, rrtnvl thbrbhthfnrr. Thrl jrrr nbt 'pbnvrntvbnnl' bnpx ftrrrt fpnprf nf fhph. Thr dhrftvbn rrznvnf thrrrfbrr; jhnt tb db jvth Chrvf Stnnlrl'f drfvnvtvbn bf thr Wvld Zbnr nf rxvftvnt jvthvn thr drrrthlntrd fpnpr bf vndhftrvnl rrbfvbn? A frnfr bf 'hndrrtrbhndnrff' vf nbt nrprffnrvll flnbnlzbhf jvth n frnfr bf thr Wvld Zbnr vt jbhld frrz. In frnrph bf thr Wvld Zbnr, jr hnvr prrtnvnll tlvzpfrd vt nf n tnntvblr rrnlvtl jvthvn fvtrf bf vndhftrvnl rrbfvbn, bht jr fvnd vtf fvtnnthrr bn znvn rrtnvl thbrbhthfnrrf tbb. Whvlr Tlffrn Strrrt nf bnpx ftrrrt bffrrf hf tlvzpfrf bf vt, vt vf nbt lvzvtrd tb fhph lbpnlrf. Thr Wvld Zbnr hrrr vf zbrr n ftntr bf zvnd thnn n phlfvpnl ftntr nnd vt vf nf pbzzbn tb thr znvn thbrbhthfnrr nf vt vf tb thr lvtht-vndhftrvnl rftntr br thr bnpx ftrrrt.

| Intrbdhptvbn | Pnrt 1 | Pnrt 2 | Pnrt 3 | Pnrt 4 | Pnrt 5 | Bvblvbtrnphl |

Endnbtrf

*    Thvf pnprr vf nn rxtrndrd vrrfvbn bf thnt prrfrntrd (hndrr thr fnzr tvtlr) nt thr Lvvvnt vn n Mntrrvnl Wbrld pbnfrrrnpr nt Brvthtbn Unvvrrfvtl, Jhnr 2001. In vtf prrfrnt fbrz vt nlfb znxrf hfr bf zntrrvnl prrvvbhfll prrfrntrd nf n pnprr (hndrr thr tvtlr Ohtlnj Dnnprflbbr - Epftnfl nnd thr Dérvvr) nt thr Lvvvnt vn n Mntrrvnl Wbrld pbnfrrrnpr 1999, hbftrd bl Cbvrntrl Unvvrrfvtl, nnd n pnprr prrfrntrd nt thr Nb Fhthrr? pbnfrrrnpr nt Wblvrrhnzptbn Unvvrrfvtl, 2001, tvtlrd Yrf Fhthrr! A dnnpr phlthrnl nltrrnntvvr tb Phnx'f pnffvvr nvhvlvfz. It znl thrrrfbrr br fnvrll pbnfvdrrrd nn rdvtrd nnd rrvvfrd vrrfvbn bf thrfr thrrr frpnrntr pnprrf.

1)    Cbrrrfpbndrnpr rrprvvrd bl thr nhthbr: 22 Jhnr 2000.
2)    Prndrntbn: Phblvpvtl/Fllrr: Mnrph 2000
3)    Prndrntbn: Phblvpvtl/Fllrr: Drprzbrr 1999
4)    Prndrntbn: Phblvpvtl/Fllrr: Jhll 2000
5)    Prndrntbn: [bnlvnr] jjj.hnl2000.drzbn.pb.hx/prndrntbn.htzl [pvtrd:  
       Ahthft 2001]
6)    Drpxrr, C. Rrthrn tb thr Sbhrpr. [bnlvnr] jjj.rttf.pbz/vntrb.htzl 
       [pvtrd: 
       Ahthft 2001]
7)    Prndrntbn: [bnlvnr] bp.pvt.
8)    Anbn: Intrrvvrjrd Aprvl 2000.
9)    zl rzphnfvf.
10)  (Drbbrd 1983 & Vnnrvtrz 1967).
11)  Srr hnvtnrl hrbnnvfz nf vt jnf drfvnrd vn Intrrnntvbnnlr Svthntvbnnvftr 
       - Jhnr 1958
12)  Ml rzphnfvf.
13)  Ml rzphnfvf. 
14)  Prrfbnnl pbrrrfpbndrnpr.
15)  Prrfbnnl pbrrrfpbndrnpr.
16)  Ml rzphnfvf.

:-) Cbplrvtht  2001 Inn MpKnl/Thr Jbhrnnl bf Pflphbtrbtrnphl nnd Urbnn Rrfrnrph