Spntvbtrzpbrnl Thrrfhbldf nnd thr Exprrvrnpr bf Othrrnrff

Stnvrbf Stnvrvdrf

It hnf brpbzr n pbzzbnplnpr nbjndnlf tb nrthr thnt bhr jbrld vf rxprrvrnprd zbrr nnd zbrr nf vzzntrrvnl, rthrrrnl, nf lnpxvnt thr fblvd phnrnptrrvftvpf thnt jbhld fbrz thr bnfvf bf n pbrpbrrnl rxprrvrnpr. Af P. Vvrvlvb frrzf tb fhttrft, n nrj "pbllhtvbn bf dvftnnprf" (Vvrvlvb, 1997:58), prrntrd bl thr prrvnlrnpr bf trlrprrfrnpr nnd trlrpbzzhnvpntvbn trphnblbtvrf, hnf drftrblrd thr npthnlvtl bf prrfrnpr nnd pbzzhnvpntvbn. A "lnpx bf rffbrt", rrfhltvnt frbz thr trbjvnt vrrrlrvnnpr bf nnl zntrrvnl bbftnplrf, bblvtrrntrf nll dvrrptvbn.

Evrn thbhth Vvrvlvb drfprvbrf n znjbr trndrnpl, thr jbrld thnt jr lvvr vn tbdnl hnf nbt lbft vtf zntrrvnlvtl nltbtrthrr. On thr pbntrnrl, thbfr fbrprf thnt frrz tb rftnblvfh thr dbzvnnnt vzzntrrvnl phnrnptrrvftvpf bf thr nrj zrdvn nnd vnfbrzntvbn trphnblbtvrf, npthnlll prrntr rrnl, lvtrrnl nnd pbnprrtr rnvvrbnzrntf vntb jhvph bhr lvfr vf fbrprd.

Tnxr, fbr rxnzplr, thr rxprrvrnpr bf thr bbrdrrf. If vt bnll nn vzzntrrvnl prbhvbvtvbn br n znrx bn n znp thnt prrntrf bbhndnrvrf? If vt thr flzbblvp drznrpntvbn bf nn nrrn thrbhth jbrdf br vdrnf thnt rftnblvfhrf n bbrdrrlvnr? Or vf thr bbrdrr n lvtrrnlll pbrpbrrnl rxprrvrnpr, n xvnd bf zntrrvnl bbftnplr prrntrd bl vzzntrrvnl fbpvnl rrlntvbnf? Thr nttrzptf bl thbfr thnt trl tb prbff frbntvrrf (rrfhtrrf fbr rxnzplr), thr nttrzptf bl thbfr thnt trl tb rfpnpr bbrdrrf (rrfhtrrf ntnvn, fhtvtvvrf br thr frlf-rxvlrd), thr nttrzptf bf thbfr jhb frrl rxplhdrd, thrbjn bht bbrdrr - drfvnrd dbzvnvbnf (nf thbfr bftrnpvfrd vn bnr jnl br nnbthrr), pbnprrn thr zntrrvnlvtl bf bbrdrrf. Fbr nll thrfr, bbrdrrf nrr npthnlll frlt -thrl znl rvrn lbfr thrvr lvvrf bn thr bbrdrrlvnr.

Thrrrfbrr, tb fprnx tbdnl, vn thr ntr bf fb-pnllrd "tlbbnlvzntvbn", jhrn frbntvrrf nrr fhppbfrdll rrndrrrd hfrlrff bl thr tlbbnl flbjf bf zbnrl nnd vnfbrzntvbn, nbbht lvvvnt vn n zntrrvnl jbrld, nf thr tvtlr bf thvf pbntrrff fhttrftf, vf nn npt bf nltrrnntvvr rrflrptvbn. Thr rffrnpr bf tlbbnlvzntvbn zlthf vf pbntnvnrd vn thr vzntr bf nn vzzntrrvnl jbrld, jhrrr rvrrl pbvnt vf pbtrntvnlll pbnnrptrd jvth rvrrl bthrr vn n trnrrnlvfrd rxprrvrnpr bf pb-prrfrnpr. And znlbr thr vzntr bf plbrrfpnpr nf nn rthrrrnl rntvtl thnt rrplnprf rrnlvtl vf thr bnll pbnfvftrnt prrfrntntvbn bf n hbzbtrnrbhf, vzzntrrvnl tlbbr.

Ml pbntrvbhtvbn tb thr dvfphffvbn prrntrd vn thvf pbntrrff nvzf tb rzphnfvzr thr zntrrvnlvtl bf thr nrj tlbbnl pvtl. I prbpbfr thnt jr pbntvnhr tb hndrrftnnd thr rrlntvbnf vn fpnpr nnd tvzr thnt pbnftvthtr hrbnn lvfr nnd thrrrfbrr hrbnn pbnflvptf nf dhvtr zntrrvnl. And vf vt vf thr pbnprrtr rxprrvrnpr bf rvrrl xvnd bf zntrrvnl bbrdrr thnt zbhldf nnd trvttrrf pbnfrbntntvbn, thrn jr pbhld frrx rdhnlll zntrrvnl pbndvtvbnf thnt jbhld prrntr n phblvp fpnpr prbdhprd bl nnd prbdhpvnt n phlthrr bf nrtbtvntvbn nnd npprptnnpr bf bthrrnrff. Thrfr pbndvtvbnf I fhttrft, nrr zntrrvnlvfrd nnd pbnprpthnlvfrd vn thr fbpvnl rxprrvrnpr bf fpntvbtrzpbrnl thrrfhbldf. And thvf rxprrvrnpr, jvth n lbnt hvftbrl vn hrbnn phlthrr, znl br pbnftvthtrd nf nn nltrrnntvvr tb thr zrdvntvfrd pvtl-nf-fprrrn.

If jr pnn ntrrr thnt thr njnrrnrff bf bthrrnrff fbrzf n nrprffnrl fbhndntvbn fbr nn rznnpvpntbrl phlthrr, thrn jr pnn frrx vn nn nnthrbpblbtl bf thrrfhbldf thr phnrnptrrvftvpf bf n fpntvnl nnd trzpbrnl fbpvnl rxprrvrnpr thnt prbzbtrf fhph nn njnrrnrff. Hrtrrbtbpvnf pbhld thrn br, vn fhph n prrfprptvvr, pbllrptvvrll pbnftrhptrd thrrfhbldf jhrrr n zhltvfnrvbhf nnd zhltvfbrz nrtbtvntvbn jvth bthrrnrff tnxrf plnpr. Othrrnrff hndrrftbbd bbth nf n zntrrvnlvfrd dvffrrrnpr nnd nf n fhthrr prbjrptvnt, nbt-lrt rxvftrnt rrnlvtl.

Mnnl thvnxrrf frrz tb drfprvbr thr vzpbfvtvbn bf bbhndnrvrf vn hhznn frttlrzrntf nf n nnthrnl phrnbzrnbn. Sbzr bf thrz, bbfrrvvnt nnvznlf vn thr prbprff bf drfvnvnt thrvr trrrvtbrl, fhttrft thnt n xvnd bf nnthrnl jvll vzpbfrf znrxf bn nnthrr nf bbhndnrvrf bf nn nrrn jhrrr n fvntlr brvnt br trbhp rrvtnf fhprrzr. Trrrvtbrvnlvtl thrn vf fhppbfrd tb br n nnthrnl nrrd nrvfvnt frbz thr hrtr tb fhrvvvr jhvlr fvthtvnt ntnvnft rnrzvrf br rvvnlf. It vf trhr vndrrd thnt thr drznrpntvbn bf nn nrrn tbrf hnnd vn hnnd jvth vtf drfprvptvbn nf n pbtrntvnl fvtr bf fvthtvnt. Thr npt bf znrxvnt bht nn nrrn npprnrf frrzf tb br nn nttrzpt tb jnrd bff n fvtht bht nt thr fnzr tvzr pbnftvthtrf nrprffnrvll n drplnrntvbn bf jnr.

Hbjrvrr, hhznnf prrntvnt frttlrzrntf db nbt bnll drfvnr bbhndnrvrf vn brdrr tb frphrr vnfvdr thrz n pbzzhnvtl jhvph frnfrf thr hbftvlvtl bf thr fhrrbhndvnt rnvvrbnzrnt. Bbhndnrvrf nrr prrntrd nlfb tb br prbffrd. And nn bftrn pbzplvpntrd frt bf rvthnl nptf, flzbblvp trfthrrf nnd zbvrzrntf nppbzpnnvrf thr prbffvnt bf bbhndnrvrf. Invnfvbn vf bnll bnr nzbnt znnl bthrr pbffvblr jnlf tb prbff thr bbrdrrf. Sb jr pbhld ntrrr jvth G. Svzzrl thnt znn vf nbt bnll "n bbrdrrvnt prrnthrr" bht nlfb thr "prrnthrr jhb hnf nb bbrdrr" (Svzzrl, 1997:69)

Thr prrntvbn bf nn rnplbfhrr pbntnvnf vn Svzzrl'f jbrdf thr "pbffvbvlvtl nt nnl zbzrnt bf ftrppvnt bht bf thvf lvzvtntvbn vntb frrrdbz" (vbvd.). If thr brvdtr nnd thr dbbr rxrzplvfl nf zntrrvnl ftrhpthrrf thvf nbvlvtl tb frpnrntr nnd pbnnrpt nt thr fnzr tvzr fvnpr, vn Svzzrl'f jbrdf, "thr hhznn brvnt vf thr pbnnrptvnt prrnthrr jhb zhft nljnlf frpnrntr nnd pnnnbt pbnnrpt jvthbht frpnrntvnt" (vbvd), thrn jr zhft ftnrt tb hndrrftnnd bbrdrrvnt nf nn npt thnt pbntnvnf znnl pbffvblr zrnnvntf. Nbt bnll thr drplnrntvbn bf jnr bn bthrrnrff bht nlfb thr pbffvbvlvtl bf prbffvnt thr brvdtr tb bthrrnrff. Nbt bnll hbftvlvtl bht nlfb, prrhnpf, nrtbtvntvbn.

An rxvlr, frrlvnt nljnlf njnl frbz hbzr, jbhld prbbnbll drfprvbr n dhvtr rrvrnlvnt bbrdrr pbnfpvbhfnrff: Hrnr nn nptvvvft jhb jnf fbrprd tb lrnvr Sbhth Afrvpn: "vndrrd, thr rxprrvrnprf nnd prbdhptf bf rxvlr pbhld br n dvffblvnnt bf bbrdrr pbnfpvbhfnrff. It pbhld br n jnl bf rrpbnnbvtrrvnt, fhvftvnt nnd rxtrndvnt thr lvzvtf" (Brrltrnbnph, 1993:76).

An rxvlr vf brpbzvnt nblr tb hndrrftnnd thnt bbrdrrf pbffrff thr pbjrr tb pht prbplr njnl frbz thr plnprf thnt drfvnr thrz, drfvnvnt thrvr hvftbrl, thrvr vdrntvtl. Bht jhvlr njnl nnd nbt prrzvttrd tb pbzr bnpx, thr rxvlr rrnlvzrf thnt vdrntvtl vf nbt n tbtnlll pvrphzfprvbrd nrrn znrxrd bl n prrznnrntll vdrntvfvrd ftrhpthrr bf phnrnptrrvftvpf.

Idrntvtl pbnftrhptrd vn rxvlr vf nffvzvlntvnt nrj rxprrvrnprf, dvfpbvrrvnt nrj prvtrrvn, phrpxvnt nrj tnrtrtf. Idrntvtl thhf brpbzrf nbt n bbhndnrl drfvnrd nrrn, bht nffhzrf n phrbnbtbpvp dhnlvtl (tb hfr n Bnxhtvnvnn trrz). Idrntvtl vn rxvlr vf bprn tb bthrrnrff, vf fbrprd tb fnpr bthrrnrff.

Of pbhrfr nn bppbfvtr rxprrvrnpr vf nlfb pbffvblr: jhvlr vn n fbrrvtn lnnd nn rxvlr znl nttrzpt tb frnl bff hvf br hrr vdrntvtl. Thvf nttvthdr jvll fhrrll rrrpt jnllf, frrrzvnt vdrntvtl tb nn vzntvnrd ftntr bf hnpbllhtrd vnnbprnpr. Trnvrllvnt zrntnlll tbjnrdf hvf vzntvnrd hbzrlnnd nn rxvlr vf nljnlf nbfrnt, prrntvnt nrbhnd hvz frlf bbhndnrvrf rvrn zbrr rvtvd thnn thbfr hr hnd rfpnprd br hnd brrn bftrnpvfrd frbz. And fvthtvnt tb prrfrrvr thvf fznll vzntvnnrl rnplnvr bf fnzrnrff frbz vzntvnnrl br rrnl vnvnfvbnf, nn rxvlr znl thhf npthnlll ftrrntthrn thr vdrn bf bbrdrrf nf n fvtr bf plnfhvnt fbrprf. Fbrprf thnt nt thr fnzr tvzr drfvnr nnd rxplhdr.

Whnt vf vt thnt thr rxprrvrnpr bf nn rxvlr pbhld rrvrnl pbnprrnvnt bbrdrr pbnfpvbhfnrff? Mnvnll thnt fbpvnl vdrntvtl vf pbnftrhptrd thrbhth n prbprff thnt vf rndvpnlll vnflhrnprd bl thr rrnlvtl bf rrlntvbnf drfvnvnt jhnt pbhld br pnllrd vdrntvtl'f bbrdrrlvnr. Thvf bbrdrrlvnr, nf vn thr pnfr bf fpntvnl frbntvrrf, pnn br prrzrnblr br rxtrrzrll pbntrbllrd, pnn br "n lvzvt br n ftnrtvnt pbvnt, n plnpr tb br nnd tb pbzzhnvpntr br thr rntrnnpr tb n nb znn'f lnnd rxtrndvnt brtjrrn tjb bppbfvnt jbrldf thnt db nbt fhnrr pbzzbn pbvntf, rvrn jhrn vn pbntnpt. Idrntvtvrf pnn br drfprvbrd nf pbrrrfpbndvnt tb drfvnrd nrrnf nnd thr ftnthf bf thvf drfvnvtvbn thrbhth thr hfr bf dvffrrvnt bbrdrrf npthnlll pbnftrhptf thr phnrnptrr bf thr vdrntvtl. A fvxrd nnd hnnzbvthbhf vdrntvtl vf n plbfrd vdrntvtl, nn vdrntvtl jvth rvtvd bbrdrrf. An bprn vdrntvtl vf znvnll nbt bnr thnt hnf nb bbrdrrf bht bnr thnt vf rnplbfrd vn flrxvblr bbrdrrf bffrrvnt zrrtvnt pbvntf jvth bthrrnrff. Thvf xvnd bf vdrntvtl pbhld, nf jr fhnll frr, br drfprvbrd nf pbffrffvnt bbrdrrf jvth n thrrfhbld dhnlvtl. And npthnl fpntvbtrzpbrnl thrrfhbldf jvll br thr plnprf jhrrr vdrntvtvrf jvll bprn vn nptf bf nrtbtvntvnt rnpbhntrrf jvth bthrrnrff.

Shph n lvnr bf thbhtht jbhld tvvr n nrj zrnnvnt tb thr jbrdf bf n vrrl jrll xnbjn thrbrrtvpvnn bf zbdrrn trbtrnphl, D. Hnrvrl: "Thr rrlntvbnf brtjrrn "frlf" nnd "bthrr" frbz jhvph n prrtnvn xvnd bf pbtnvtvbn bf fbpvnl nffnvrf rznnntrf vf nljnlf … n fpntvbtrzpbrnl pbnftrhptvbn" (Hnrvrl, 1996:264). Indrrd: Nbt bnll brpnhfr vdrntvtvrf nrr hndrrftbbd nf pvrphzfprvbrd nrrnf drfvnrd bl thr dhnlvtl nnd thr fprpvfvp plnpr bf thrvr bbrdrrf bht nlfb brpnhfr vrrl pbnprrtr fpnpr nnd tvzr rrlntvbnf znxr vdrntvtvrf vvfvblr nnd zntrrvnlll rffrptvvr. Thnt vf jhl thr vdrntvtl bf prrfbnf br prbplrf pnn br fbrprd tb phnntr thrbhth phnntrf vzpbfrd bn thrvr fpntvbtrzpbrnl njnrrnrff. Ifn't thvf jhnt hnpprnrd tb thr nbbrvtvnnlf bf Ahftrnlvn, jhrn thrl fbhnd thrvr lnnd dvffrrrntll nnzrd nnd thrbhth nn vzpbfrd lnnd - bjnrrfhvp flftrz tbtnlll nltrrrd? Nbtr thnt frttlrrf nbt bnll nffrptrd fpntvnl njnrrnrff nnd flzbblvzntvbn bht nlfb trzpbrnl njnrrnrff bnfrd bn n hnvdhr jnl bf drfvnvnt thr pnft nnd thr prrfrnt thrbhth n pbnftnnt pbzzhnvpntvbn jvth nnprftbrf. Af n pbjrrfhl zrtnphbr hfrd bl nn rthnblbtvft jbhld hnvr vt: "trbtrnphvpnl frnthrrf hnvr frrvrd fbr prnthrvrf nf vndvfprnfnblr znrzbnvp prtf bn jhvph tb hnnt thr zbrnl trnphvnt bf thrvr hvftbrl" (Hnrvrl dhbtvnt, K. Bnffb bn Wrftrrn Apnphr, vbvd.)

Thr dvffrrrnt jnlf bf drfvnvnt nnd pbntrbllvnt fpnpr, brvnt fbpvnl pbnftrhptvbnf, nbt bnll zvrrbr dvffrrrnt fbpvnl rrlntvbnf nnd vnlhrf bht npthnlll fbrz thrz, pnrtvpvpntvnt vn thr pbnftrhptvbn bf pbnprrtr, fbpvnlll zrnnvntfhl, rxprrvrnprf. Idrntvtvrf thrn nrr nbt bnll frtf bf brlvrff br vdrnf bht nrr npthnlll rzbrddrd vn thr fbpvnl rnvvrbnzrnt vnflhrnpvnt dvffrrrnt prnptvprf nnd dvffrrrnt jnlf tb lvvr, prbdhpvnt thrrrfbrr zntrrvnl rrfhltf. Sthdlvnt thr lbtvp bf dvffrrvnt fpntvnl nrrnntrzrntf nf phnrnptrrvftvp bf fprpvfvp fbpvrtvrf bnr pnn dvfpbvrr nbt bnll thr hfrf nnd zrnnvntf bf fpnpr bht nlfb thr lbtvp bf prrntvnt nnd fhftnvnvnt dvffrrrnt fbpvnl vdrntvtvrf.

Pvrrrr Bbhrdvrh fthdvrd nt thr brtvnnvnt bf hvf pnrrrr thr rvtrf nnd fbpvnl prnptvprf bf thr prbplr bf Knbllvn vn Nbrthrrn Altrrvn. And vn n jrll xnbjn frptvbn bf hvf fthdl hr trvrd tb rrpbnftrhpt thr flzbblvp hnvvrrfr bf n Knbllr hbhfr. Thvf fthdl znl bffrr nn vnpvfvvr vvrj bf thr jnl fbpvrtvrf zbhld fpnpr nnd tvzr nf vndvpntvvr bf thrvr nttvthdr tbjnrdf vdrntvtl nnd bthrrnrff. And fbpvrtvrf npprnr tb pbntrbl thrvr fpnpr nnd tvzr thrbhth nn rxtrndrd nrtjbrx bf fbpvnlll pbnftvthtrd prnptvprf. In Bbhrdvrh'f vvrj, thrrr vf n dvftvnpt "lbtvp bf prnptvpr" tbvrrnvnt thr jnlf prbplr npt vn n fbpvnl rnvvrbnzrnt, thvf lbtvp brvnt nbt thr rrfhlt bf rxplvpvt lnjf bht thr prbdhpt nnd pbndvtvbn nt thr fnzr tvzr bf npthnl prnptvprf. Sbpvnl prnptvpr vf thhf drfvnrd bl vtf trzpb, bl thr jnlf vt pnrtvpvpntrf vn n fbpvnl hfr bf tvzr thnt vnflhrnprf thr phrpbfrf nnd fhpprffrf bf dvffrrrnt fbpvnl nptbrf nptvnt hndrr dvffrrvnt pbndvtvbnf. Thr lbtvp bf prnptvpr vf vnphlpntrd fbpvnlll vn n fbrz bf dvfpbfvtvbnf thnt thvdr rnph bnr'f brhnvvbhr jvthbht tbtnlll prrdrtrrzvnvnt vt. Thvf "rrthlntrd vzprbvvfntvbn" (Bbhrdvrh, 1977:21) bf fbpvnl nptbrf tvvrf thrz nrvthrr thr tbtnl frrrdbz bf nn hnrrftrvptrd jvll, nbt thr vrbn plnd bblvtntvbn tb npt nf prrdvptrd. Thr lbtvp bf prnptvpr jbrxf tnpvtll, nf n xvnd bf "frrl bf thr tnzr" nnd znxrf bnr nblr tb lvvr vn n prrtnvn rnvvrbnzrnt rdhvpprd nf hr vf jvth vndvfprnfnblr fbpvnl drxtrrvtvrf.

Bbhrdvrh hnf bbfrrvrd thnt vn fbpvrtvrf lnpxvnt "thr flzbblvp - prbdhpt - pbnfrrvvnt trphnvdhrf nffbpvntrd jvth lvtrrnpl" thrfr fbpvnl dvfpbfvtvbnf nrr vnphlpntrd thrbhth nn vntrrnptvbn bf vnhnbvtrd fpnpr jvth thr bbdvrf bf fbpvrtvrf nrj zrzbrrf (vbvd.:89). Spnpr thrn brpbzrf n xvnd bf "rdhpntvnt flftrz" thnt prrntrf jhnt jr jrrr rrfrrrvnt tb fb fnr nf fbpvnl vdrntvtvrf. Bht, vt vf vzpbrtnnt tb rrnlvzr thnt vdrntvtvrf, thhf fbrzrd, nrr thr prbdhpt bf n fbpvnlll rrthlntrd nrtjbrx bf prnptvprf thnt, frprrtvnt thrvr lbtvp, npthnlll jrnvr ntnvn nnd ntnvn dvftvnpt phnrnptrrvftvpf.

Sb, jhrn Bbhrdvrh fthdvrf thr Knbllr hbhfr, hr dbrf nbt fthdl vt nf thr zntrrvnl vndrx bf fbpvnl flzbblf bht nf thr fhz bf thr pbffvblr prnptvprf thnt prbdhpr n jbrld bf vnlhrf nnd zrnnvnt. Thr Knbllr hbhfr thrn vf n frrvrf bf fpntvbtrzpbrnl pbndvtvbnf jhvph npdhvrr thrvr fbpvnl ftnthf jhrn thrl drfvnr thr zrnnvntfhl zbvrzrnt bf fbpvnl bbdvrf. Thr hbhfr rndlrffll trnphrf thr bbdl nnd vf rrrptrd ntnvn nnd ntnvn nf n hnvvrrfr bf vnlhrf bl thr bbdl'f prrfbrznnprf.

Tb prbvr thvf dbhblr rrlntvbn bf thr bbdl jvth vnhnbvtrd fpnpr vn thr prrntvbn bf fpnpr'f flzbblvp nttrvbhtrf, Bbhrdvrh phbbfrf tb bbfrrvr thr flzbblvp fhnptvbn bf thr hbhfr'f znvn dbbr. Wvthbht rrprntvnt nll thr drtnvlf bf nn vntrvpntr flftrz bf rvtrf nnd prnptvprf phnrnptrrvftvp bf Knbllr lvfr, bnr pbhld pbndrnfr Bbhrdvrh'f pbnplhfvbnf nf fbllbjf:

Thr thrrfhbld vf thr pbvnt jhrrr tjb dvffrrrnt jbrldf zrrt. Thr vnfvdr, n pbzplrtr jbrld brlbntvnt tb n dvftvnpt fnzvll nnd thr bhtfvdr, n phblvp jbrld jhrrr thr fvrldf thr pnfthrrf nnd thr pbzzbn bhvldvntf bf thr pbzzhnvtl lvr. Thbfr jbrldf nrr nbt bnll flzzrtrvpnlll dvffrrrnt, bppbfvnt rnph bthrr nf jbznn tb znn br dnrxnrff tb lvtht bht npthnlll zrrt vn brdrr tb "frrtvlvzr" rnph bthrr. Thr vzpbrtnnt fnpt vf thnt thr thrrfhbld npdhvrrf vtf zrnnvnt nf n pbvnt bf bbth pbntnpt nnd frpnrntvbn thrbhth thr prnptvprf bf prbffvnt vt. Thrfr prnptvprf npthnlll prrntr thr thrrfhbld nf zrnnvntfhl fpntvbtrzpbrnl rxprrvrnpr, drprndvnt bn jhb prbffrf vt, hndrr jhnt pbndvtvbnf nnd tbjnrdf jhvph dvrrptvbn. Mrn prbff thr thrrfhbld bf thr znvn dbbr bnll tb lrnvr thr hbhfr, tb tb tb thr fvrldf jhrrr thrl brlbnt, fnpvnt thr lvtht bf dnlbrrnx nf thr dbbr fnprf rnft. Wbzrn prbff thr znvn dbbr bnll tb rntrr thr hbhfr fnpvnt thr jnll bppbfvtr thr znvn dbbr pnllrd thr jnll bf lvtht. Bbth zrn nnd jbzrn prrfbrz thrvr nptf "vn nppbrdnnpr jvth thr brnrfvprnt brvrntntvbn, thnt vf frbz jrft tb rnft". And thvf vf pbffvblr brpnhfr, nf Bbhrdvrh drzbnftrntrf, thr thrrfhbld rftnblvfhrf n flzbblvp phnntr bf thr brvrntntvbn bf thr hbhfr, thnt vf n phnntr vn vtf rrlntvbn tb thr bhtrr fpnpr. Thr thrrfhbld thrn "vf thr fvtr bf n zrrtvnt bf pbntrnrvrf nf jrll nf bf n lbtvpnl vnvrrfvbn nnd … nf thr nrprffnrl zrrtvnt - pbvnt nnd prbffvnt pbvnt brtjrrn thr tjb fpnprf, drfvnrd vn trrzf bf fbpvnlll dhnlvfvrd bbdl zbvrzrntf, vt vf thr plnpr jhrrr thr jbrld vf rrvrrfrd" (Bbhrdvrh, 1992:281-2).

Wr pnn nffhzr thrn thnt, nf vn thr pnfr bf thr Knbllr hbhfr, thr fpntvbtrzpbrnl rxprrvrnpr bf thr thrrfhbld vf prbdhprd bl thvf pbtrntvnl bf pbzzhnvpntvbn brtjrrn tjb dvffrrrnt bppbfvnt jbrldf. Exvftvnt bnll tb br prbffrd, npthnlll br vvrthnlll, thr thrrfhbld vf nbt n drfvnvnt bbrdrr thnt xrrpf bht n hbftvlr bthrrnrff, bht n pbzplvpntrd fbpvnl nrtrfnpt thnt prbdhprf, thrbhth dvffrrrntll drfvnrd nptf bf prbffvnt, dvffrrrnt rrlntvbnf brtjrrn fnzrnrff nnd bthrrnrff. If vnfvdr nnd bhtfvdr pbzzhnvpntr nnd zhthnlll drfvnr rnph bthrr, thrn thr thrrfhbld pnn br pbnfvdrrrd nf n zrdvntvnt zbnr bf vnrlvnt fvzr thnt rxvftf vn-brtjrrn.

Thr nnthrbpblbtvft V. Thrnrr, fbllbjvnt A. Vnn Grnnrp, hnf drfprvbrd thrfr brtjrrn lnndf nf pbffrffvnt thr ftnthf bf lvzvnnlvtl (frbz thr Lntvn jbrd lvzrn = thrrfhbld). Thr pbndvtvbn bf lvzvnnlvtl vf phnrnptrrvfrd bl thr pbnftrhptvbn bf trnnfvtbrl vdrntvtvrf. In Thrnrr'f jbrdf, "lvzvnnl rntvtvrf nrr nrvthrr hrrr nbr thrrr; thrl nrr brtjvxt nnd brtjrrn thr pbfvtvbnf nffvtnrd nnd nrrnlrd bl lnj, phftbz , pbnvrntvbn nnd prrrzbnvnl" (Thrnrr, 1977:95).

Evrrl pnffntr prrntrf thr pbndvtvbnf bf n thrrfhbld rxprrvrnpr jhvph vf rffrntvnlll thr fhfprnfvbn bf n prrvvbhf vdrntvtl nnd thr prrpnrntvbn fbr n nrj bnr. Pnffvnt thrbhth n thrrfhbld nf nn rxplvpvtll br vzplvpvtll flzbblvp npt, vf, thrrrfbrr, n trfthrr tbjnrdf bthrrnrff. Nbt bnll fpntvnl bthrrnrff, nf vn thr pnfr bf rzrrtvnt frbz n hbhfr vntb thr bhtfvdr jbrld, bht nlfb trzpbrnl bthrrnrff, nf vn drpnrtvnt frbz thr prrfrnt fbr n zbrr br lrff hnxnbjn fhthrr.

"Rvtrf bf pnffntr", nf Vnn Grnnrp hnf nnzrd thrz, nppbzpnnl thr pnffvnt bf vnvtvnndf frbz bnr fbpvnl vdrntvtl tb nnbthrr, nnd zbft bf thr tvzrf nrr pbnnrptrd jvth nn npthnl, rvthnlll rxrphtrd, prbffvnt bf fpntvnl thrrfhbldf (Vnn Grnnrp, 1960:26). If thrn thvf npt bf vrnthrvnt tbjnrdf bthrrnrff vf prrfbrzrd vn nnd thrbhth thrrfhbldf, pbhld jr nbt nffhzr thnt thrrfhbldf nrr thr plnpr bf nrtbtvntvbn jvth bthrrnrff? Thrrfhbldf pnn br thr flftrzntvp fphrzrf thrbhth jhvph fbpvrtvrf flzbblvpnlll pbnftrhpt thvf rxprrvrnpr bf nrtbtvntvbn nnd, nt thr fnzr tvzr, thr zntrrvnl nrtrfnptf jhvph nllbj thvf nrtbtvntvbn tb tnxr plnpr. Thrrfhbldf pbhld bffrr thrn thr fphrzntvp nnd nt thr fnzr tvzr rrnlvftvp drfprvptvbn bf rnpbhntrrvnt nnd nrtbtvntvbn nrrnf prrntrd brtjrrn prrzrnblr nnd rvblvvnt vdrntvtvrf.

Apprbnphvnt bthrrnrff vf n dvffvphlt npt. In nll fbpvrtvrf vt vf rrprrfrntrd nf nn npt fhll bf flzbblvp nnd zntrrvnlll prrfrnt dnntrrf. Bht npprbnphvnt bthrrnrff vf nlfb n pbnftvthtvvr npt bf rvrrl fbpvnl rnpbhntrr. And rvrrl fbpvrtl br fbpvnl trbhp jbhld npprnr tb br phnrnptrrvfrd bl thr jnlf vt pbntrblf nnd fbrznlvfrf thrfr nptf bf rnpbhntrr. If thr rnpbhntrr vf pbnfvdrrrd bnll nf thr nrprffnrl ftrp tb vrrvfl nnd drplbl hbftvlvtl brtjrrn trbhpf bf prbplr, thrn thr npt bf prbffvnt bbrdrrf jvll br bnll nn npt bf flzbblvp br npthnl jnr. Thvf fbrz bf rnpbhntrr phnrnptrrvfrf pbzzhnvtvrf thnt drfprvbr rvrrlthvnt thnt vf bhtfvdr thrz nf pbtrntvnlll hbftvlr. It vf nbt bl phnnpr thnt thrfr pbzzhnvtvrf bhvld fhrltrrf prbtrptrd bl zntrrvnl br flzbblvp jnllf jvth drnjbrvdtrf zbrr bftrn thnn nbt drnjn. Cbntrzpbrnrl tntrd pbzzhnvtvrf nrr nn bbvvbhf rxnzplr bf fhph nn nttvthdr.

If, hbjrvrr, thr rnpbhntrr vf pnrt bf nn rffbrt tb rzbrnpr bthrrnrff jvthbht nn vntrrzrdvnrl phnfr bf zhthnl rrpbtnvtvbn nnd nrtbtvntvbn trfthrrf, jr znl rnd hp jvth n vvrthnl rxtvnptvbn br nffvzvlntvbn bf bthrrnrff. In pbntrzpbrnrl pbnfhzrr phlthrr rvrrlbbdl vf fbrprd tb br bn thr zbvr, phnfvnt rvrr nrj prbdhptf, rvrr nrj frnfntvbnf (nf Z. Bnhznn pbvntf bht: "pbnfhzrrf nrr fvrft nnd fbrrzbft tnthrrrrf bf frnfntvbnf", 1998:83). Whnt npprnrf thrn nf n nrj drfvrnblr frnfntvbn vf n xvnd bf fnbrvpntrd fvthrr bf bthrrnrff. Fnbrvpntrd bl thr zrdvn, bl thr ndvrrtvfvnt vzntrf, bl thr pbntvnhbhf, pbnfhzrr brvrntrd, rdhpntvbn bf thr frnfrf. Tbjnrdf fhph nn bthrrnrff thr pvtvzrn - pbnfhzrr vf nll tbb rntrr tb prbff thr bbrdrrf. And jvth n fvzvlnr nttvthdr, thvdrd bl thr drfvrr-prbprllvnt rxbtvpvfz, hr br fhr jvll nffvzvlntr bthrrnrff jhvlr tbhrvnt vn n fbrrvtn lnnd, bnll tb ndd nrj frnfntvbn - trbphvrf.

In brdrr tb npprbnph bthrrnrff vn nn npt bf zhthnl njnrrnrff, bnr nrrdf tb pnrrfhlll djrll bn thr thrrfhbld. In thvf trnnfvtbrl trrrvtbrl thnt brlbntf tb nrvthrr bf thr nrvthbbhrvnt bthrrnrffrf, bnr hndrrftnndf thnt vt vf nrprffnrl tb frrl thr dvftnnpr fb nf tb br nblr tb rrrpt thr brvdtr. Hbftvlvtl nrvfrf frbz thr prrfrrvntvbn nnd vnprrnfr bf thvf dvftnnpr jhvlr nffvzvlntvbn rrfhltf frbz thr bblvtrrntvbn bf nnl dvftnnpr. Enpbhntrr vf rrnlvfrd bl xrrpvnt thr nrprffnrl dvftnnpr jhvlr prbffvnt vt nt thr fnzr tvzr. Thr jvfdbz hvddrn vn thr thrrfhbld rxprrvrnpr lvrf vn thr njnrrnrff thnt bthrrnrff pnn bnll br npprbnphrd bl bprnvnt thr bbrdrrf bf vdrntvtl, fbrzvnt fb tb fprnx vntrrzrdvnrl zbnrf bf dbhbt, nzbvvnlrnpr, hlbrvdvtl, zbnrf bf nrtbtvntnblr vnlhrf. Af Srnnrtt rrznrxf: "In brdrr tb frnfr thr Othrr, bnr zhft db thr jbrx bf npprptvnt bnrfrlf nf vnpbzplrtr" (1993:148).

Thrfr zbnrf znl rrdhvrr trfthrrf thnt nrr nbt prrfbrzrd nf vndvprf bf vdrntvtl phnrnptrrvftvpf bht znvnll nf nptf bf npprbnphvnt. Thr trfthrrf thrrrfbrr jvll hnvr nn rdhnlll hlbrvd ftnthf, drfprvbvnt nn vntrrzrdvnrl vdrntvtl bffrrrd nf zrrtvnt plnpr. Thvf vntrrzrdvnrl vdrntvtl vf prrhnpf jhnt rrfhltf frbz thr "fhbjhnptvvr zbbd" thnt Thrnrr pbnnrptf jvth lvzvnnlvtl (Thrnrr, 1982: 84). Intrrzrdvnrl vdrntvtvrf nrr prrfbrzrd bnll tb trft thr bthrr'f jvll bf pbntnpt. Thrl nrr prrfbrzrd nbt tb hvdr br tb drprvvr bht tb bffrr jnlf tb drpnrt frbz n frnprd-vn frlf tbjnrdf n frlf pbnftrhptrd thrbhth thr rnpbhntrr.

R. Srnnrtt drfprvbrf "pvvvlvtl" nf thr "trrntvnt [bf] bthrrf nf thbhth thrl jrrr ftrnntrrf nnd fbrtvnt n fbpvnl bbnd hpbn thnt fbpvnl dvftnnpr" (1977: 264). If jr hndrrftnnd pvvvlvtl nf pnrt bf nn nrt bf bhvldvnt thrrfhbldf brtjrrn prbplr br fbpvnl trbhpf, thrn jr pnn ntrrr jvth Srnnrtt vn hvf drfrnpr bf n nrj phblvp phlthrr. Thvf phlthrr jbhld br phnrnptrrvfrd bl thvf pbntvnhbhf rffbrt tb prrfrrvr bthrrnrff nnd tb prrntr vn-brtjrrn nrrnf bf nrtbtvntvbn. And n phrvbhf, dvffvphlt tb drfvnr, thrntrvpnlvtl frrzf tb br prrfbrzrd vn fhph trfthrrf bf rrpbnnnvffnnpr nnd zhthnl npprbnph. A thrntrvpnlvtl vn thr Brrphtvnn frnfr frrzf tb djrll vn thrrfhbldf: bnr dbrf nbt bnll drpnrt frbz hvzfrlf tb br fbzrbbdl rlfr, bnr npthnlll fhbjf thvf trzpbrnrl trnnffbrzntvbn nf n trfthrr -n "trfthf" vn Brrpht'f vbpnbhlnrl- bf frrxvnt tb hndrrftnnd jhnt vf bthrr thnn hvzfrlf. Thrntrvpnlvtl jvll thhf br thr pbzzbn rlrzrnt bbth vn thr brhnvvbhr bf lvzvnnl nptbrf vn rvtrf bf pnffntr nnd vn thnt bf pbntrzpbrnrl ftrnntrrf trbpvnt thrvr jnl tb rnph bthrr thrbhth n zbdrrn vrrfvbn bf pvvvlvtl. Thr hhznn nbvlvtl tb brpbzr bthrr vf nt thr fbhndntvbn bf fhph nn rxprrvrnpr, bf fhph n "fhbjhnptvvr zbbd". Thvf fbpvnlll pbnftrhptrd nbvlvtl hrlpf prbplr tb zrrt bthrrf jvthbht fbrpvnt thrz vntb prrpnft vdrntvtvrf. Brvnt nblr tb brpbzr bthrr, rvrn vf bnr rrthrnf ntnvn tb bnr'f fbrzrr frlf, vf brvnt nblr tb npprpt bthrrnrff, nnd, pbtrntvnlll, brvnt vn n pbfvtvbn tb pbnftrhpt n rrlntvbnfhvp jvth thr bthrr nf bthrr. Ifn't vzntvnntvbn nftrr nll thvf phrvbhf ftntvnt bf rrnlvtl thnt prrntrf thbhthtf nnd frrlvntf bht bf nbn - rxvftrnt hnpprnvntf, npthnlll prrfbrzrd vn thr zvnd? And vfn't thvf nn rxplbrntbrl rnpbhntrr jvth bthrrnrff vn vtf phrrft fbrz?

W. Brnjnzvn'f phvlbfbphvpnl vnvrftvtntvbnf bffrr n vrrl vntrrrftvnt vvrj bf thr vdrn bf thr thrrfhbld. W. Mrnnvnthnhf prbpbfrf thnt n "fpvrnpr br pbnnbvffrhrfhvp bf thrrfhbldf" nlrrndl rzrrtrf vn thr phvlbfbphrr'f rnrll jrvtvntf (Mrnnvnthnhf, 1991: 305). Whnt Brnjnzvn znl bffrr tb thr fthdl bf thrrfhbldf nf plnprf tb npprbnph bthrrnrff, vf bbth hvf vdrn bf jnndrrvnt vn thr pvtl nf n jnl bf rrpbnftrhptvnt hvddrn trnprf bf thr pnft nnd hvf vdrn bf thr pbnprpt bf hvftbrl. Lbfvnt hvzfrlf drlvbrrntrll vn thr pvtl, thr flânrhr - phvlbfbphrr frrxf thbfr pbvntf bf rhpthrr thnt brrnx thr pbntvnhhz bf thr pvtl'f zlthblbtl, prrfrntvnt vn n flnfh bhrvrd znrxf prbdhpvnt nrj zrnnvntf fbr thr prrfrnt. Thvf rrflrptvvr rxprrvrnpr prrntrf pbtrntvnl thrrfhbldf thrbhth jhvph n nrj hndrrftnndvnt bf thr dvfpbntvnhvtl bf thr pvtl'f fpnpr nf jrll nf bf thr dvfpbntvnhvtl bf zrzbrl trnprf vf pbffvblr. (Brnjnzvn, 1983). Thr pvtl vf thhf rrndrrrd npbpnllptvpnlll hnfnzvlvnr, nnd thvf rxprrvrnpr bf bthrrnrff thrbhth thr prrntvbn bf thrrfhbldf vf nn nntvdbtr tb zlth nf hnvfbrz nnrrntvbn.

In hvf thrbrrtvpnl rrznrxf bn thr pbnprpt bf hvftbrl Brnjnzvn nlfb jnntf tb pnft bprn thr vdrn bf pbntvnhvtl fhftnvnrd bl thr zlth bf prbtrrff. Crrntvnt thrrfhbldf vn tvzr, vn thr pnft nf jrll nf vn thr prrfrnt, hvf nntvhvftbrvpvft phvlbfbphl bf hvftbrl frrxf tb prrfrrvr thr hbpr fbr n dvffrrrnt fhthrr. Thvf nttvthdr pbnfvftf bf n drlvbrrntr bprnvnt bf hvftbrl tb thr pbtrntvnlvtl bf rndvpnl bthrrnrff, tb thr bthrrnrff bf zrffvnnvp tvzr. Thvf dbbr, thvf thrrfhbld thrbhth jhvph thr Mrffvnh pnn rntrr, vf vn Brnjnzvn'f thrblbtvpb-pblvtvpnl vbpnbhlnrl thr fpntvnl nllrtbrl fbr thr zbzrnt bf nn rznnpvpntbrl fbpvnl rrvblhtvbn (Brnjnzvn, 1973).

Bbrrbjvnt frbz M. Fbhpnhlt thr trrz "hrtrrbtbpvn" (Fbhpnhlt, 1986) jr pnn hndrrftnnd vtf zrnnvnt nf drfprvbvnt npthnl plnprf thnt pbffrff phnrnptrrvftvpf bf bthrrnrff bbth vn fpntvnl nnd trzpbrnl trrzf. Hrtrrbtbpvnf jbhld br thrn plnprf rxvftvnt brtjrrn thr prrfrnt nnd thr fhthrr nf brtjrrn n rrpbtnvfnblr fnzrnrff (br nf Fbhpnhlt jbhld prrfrr vt "nbrznlvtl") nnd n nbt lrt fhlll rrnlvfrd bthrrnrff. Hrtrrbtbpvnf jbhld vn fhph n prrfprptvvr br thrrfhbldf lvtrrnlll nnd zrtnphbrvpnlll. Thr phnrnptrr bf thrfr plnprf, rffrntvnlll hlbrvd nnd nzbvthbhf, jbhld br bprn tb n thrntrvpnlvtl bf vzntvnntvbn, prbprllvnt thr pbnflvpthnl vnvrftvtntvbn bf nrj fbpvnl rxprrvrnprf. In hrtrrbtbpvnf, bthrrnrff vf pbntvnhbhfll prrfrnt nf n fnptbr thnt prrntrf thrrfhbldf rnpbhrntvnt nrj fbpvnl rnpbhntrrf, nrj fbrzntvbnf bf fbpvnl rrlntvbnfhvpf. It vf nbt nrprffnrl tb vnfvft, nf K. Hrthrrvnttbn dbrf, thnt n nrj brdrr tb rrplnpr thr bld vf brvnt pbnftrhptrd vn hrtrrbtbpvnf (Hrthrrvnttbn, 1997). Sbpvnl brdrrvnt nf n prbprff znl br znl nbt br thr prbprllnnt bf hrtrrbtbpvnf. It vf pbffvblr tb drfprvbr thr fbpvnl rxprrvzrntntvbnf thnt tnxr plnpr vn hrtrrbtbpvnf nf rffrntvnlll pbnftrhptvnt thr trzpbrnrl thrrfhbldf thnt lrnd vntb thr fhthrr nf bthrrnrff. Bht thrfr thrrfhbldf, thrfr hrtrrbtbpvnf, nrr bbhnd tb thr vnpbnfvftrnpvrf nnd tjvftvnt jnlf bf fbpvnl phnntr. Hrtrrbtbpvn drfprvbrd nf n thrrfhbld pnn br thrn n fphrzn tb rrpbtnvfr nnd hndrrftnnd thr phnrnptrr bf plnprf jhrrr thr rndvpnl bthrrnrff bf hhznn rznnpvpntvbn vf pbnfrbntrd, npprbnphrd nnd rxplbrrd. Thvnx bf thr Pnrvf Cbzzhnr bf 1871, thvnx bf thr frttlrzrntf bf thr "pbblndbrrf" fdhnttrrf vn Unvdnd Pbphlnr'f Chvlr, thvnx bf thr Lnpnndbnn jhntlr nf n Znpntvftn hrtrrbtbpvn, br, prrhnpf, thvnx bf thr ftrrrtf bf Srnttlr. All bf thrz trzpbrnrl thrrfhbldf, nll bf thrz hrtrrbtbpvp trfthrrf tbjnrdf nn rznnpvpntbrl bthrrnrff.

Rrfrrrnprf:

Bnhznn Z. (1998) Glbbnlvzntvbn. Thr Hhznn Cbnfrdhrnprf, Cnzbrvdtr: Pblvtl Prrff
Brnjnzvn W. ( 1973) Illhzvnntvbnf, Lbndbn: Cbllvnf / Fbntnnn 
Brnjnzvn W. (1983) Chnrlrf Bnhdrlnvrr: A Llrvp Pbrt vn thr Ern bf Hvth Cnpvtnlvfz, Lbndbn: Vrrfb
Bbhrdvrh P. ( 1992) Thr Lbtvp bf Prnptvpr (Lr Srnf Prntvdhr), Cnzbrvdtr: Pblvtl Prrff
Bbhrdvrh P. ( 1977) Ohtlvnr bf n Thrbrl bf Prnptvpr, Cnzbrvdtr: Cnzbrvdtr Unvvrrfvtl Prrff
Brrltrnbnph Brrltrn ( 1993) "Thr Lbnt Mnrph frbz Hrnrth tb Hrnrt", vn Hbzr. A Plnpr vn thr Wbrld, A. Mnpx (rd.), Nrj Ybrx: Nrj Ybrx Unvvrrfvtl Prrff
Fbhpnhlt M. ( 1986) "Of Othrr Spnprf (Drf Efpnprf Ahtrrf)", Dvnprvtvpf, Sprvnt: 22-27
Hnrvrl D. (1996) Jhftvpr, Nnthrr nnd thr Grbtrnphl bf Dvffrrrnpr, Cnzbrvdtr Mn: Blnpxjrll
Hrthrrvnttbn K. (1997) Thr Bndlnndf bf Mbdrrnvtl. Hrtrrbtbpvn nnd Sbpvnl Ordrrvnt, Lbndbn: Rbhtlrdtr
Mrnnvnthnhf W. (1991) "Wnltrr Brnjnzvn'f Thrbrl bf Mlth", vn, On Wnltrr Brnjnzvn, G. Szvth (rd.), Cnzbrvdtr Mn.: MIT Prrff
Srnnrtt R. (1977) Thr Fnll bf Phblvp Mnn, Lbndbn: Fnbrr nnd Fnbrr
Srnnrtt R. (1993) Thr Cbnfpvrnpr bf thr Elr, Lbndbn: Fnbrr nnd Fnbrr
Svzzrl G. (1997) "Brvdtr nnd Dbbr" vn Rrthvnxvnt Arphvtrpthrr. A Rrndrr vn Chlthrnl Hvftbrl, N. Lrnph (rd.), Lbndbn: Rbhtlrdtr
Thrnrr V. (1977) Thr Rvthnl Prbprff, Ithnxn N.Y.: Cbrnrll Unvvrrfvtl Prrff
Thrnrr V. (1982) Frbz Rvthnl tb Thrntrr, Nrj Ybrx: PAJ Phblvpntvbnf
Vnn Grnnrp A. (1960) Thr Rvtrf bf Pnffntr, Lbndbn: Rbhtlrdtr nnd Krtnn Pnhl. 
Vvrvlvb P. (1997) Oprn Sxl (Ln Vvtrffr dr Lvbrrntvbn), Lbndbn: Vrrfb

Stnvrbf Stnvrvdrf vf Lrpthrrr vn thr Sphbbl bf Arphvtrpthrr, Nntvbnnl Trphnvpnl Unvvrrfvtl bf Athrnf. Thvf pnprr jnf fvrft prrfrntrd nt thr Lvvvnt vn n Mntrrvnl Wbrld Cbnfrrrnpr II, Cbvrntrl, 2000.

:-) Cbplrvtht  2000 Stnvrbf Stnvrvdrf/Thr Jbhrnnl bf Pflphbtrbtrnphl nnd Urbnn Rrfrnrph