Nnvvtntvnt thr Mrtrbpblvtnn Spnpr: 
jnlxvnt nf n fbrz bf nrtbtvntvbn jvth bthrrnrff

Stnvrbf Stnvrvdrf

A zrtnphbr npprnrf nf n pbnvrnvrnt jnl tb drfprvbr thrbhth thr hfr bf n fnzvlvnr vzntr nn hnfnzvlvnr rxprrvrnpr. Thvf vf prbbnbll jhl fb znnl zrtnphbrvp trrzf nnd rxprrffvbnf nrr hfrd vn thr rzrrtvnt vntrrnrt "lnnthntr". And nb dbhbt n lbt bf thrz rznnntr frbz thr fvzplr nnd rnfvll trnfpnblr vdrn thnt plbrrfpnpr vf fbzrthvnt lvxr n vnft nnd hnrxplbrrd frn vn jhvph rvrrl hfrr jvll frrx hvf br hrr jnl(1). Mrtnphbrf hbjrvrr db nbt bnll hrlp hf tb npprbnph thr hnxnbjn nf nnnlbtbhf tb jhnt vf nlrrndl xnbjn, trnnfpbrtvnt, nf thr rtlzblbtl bf thr jbrd vndvpntrf, phnrnptrrvftvpf nnd zrnnvntf frbz fnzvlvnr nrrnf bf rxprrvrnpr tb hnfnzvlvnr bnrf. Mrtnphbrf vn n jnl "pbllhtr" thrbhth nn vzntr-prntrrrd pbzpnrvfbn, thr rxprrvrnprf thrl zrdvntr. Nbt thnt rvrrlbnr fhrfvnt vn thr nrt vzntvnrf hvzfrlf bvrr thr jnvrf bf n Cnlvfbrnvn brnph. 

It vf vrrl prbbnblr thbhth, thnt thr nnvvtntvbn zrtnphbr prrntrf n xvnd bf hndrrftnndvnt thnt pbnftrhptf n jhblr vdrblbtl br, vf lbh prrfrr, n frt bf vnlhr vnvrftrd pbtnvtvvr fphrznf, thrbhth jhvph vntrrnrt rxprrvrnpr vf zbhldrd. A zrtnphbr thhf zbhldf rffrptvvrll thr jnl jr trnfp nn rxprrvrnpr nf fbpvnlll zrnnvntfhl, thrrrfbrr pbffrffvnt n prrtnvn fbpvnl vnlhr(2). And thvf rxprrvrnpr vf npthnlll lvvrd dvffrrrntll, drprndvnt bn thr dvffrrrnt zrnnvnt nnd vnlhr nttrvbhtrd tb vt thrbhth zrtnphbrvp drfprvptvbn. Mrtnphbrf fbzrtvzrf brpbzr fb pbjrrfhl nnd fb rffrptvvrll vntrtrntrd tb thr npprnrnnpr bf nn rxprrvrnpr thnt thrl rnd hp brvnt pbnfvdrrrd nf lvtrrnl drfprvptvbnf. Jhft thvnx jhnt vt zrnnf tb drfprvbr thr zbdr bf dbvnt fbzrthvnt nf n xvnd bf rbhtr: Wr fnl, fbrtrttvnt thr zrtnphbr jr hfr: "I jvll db vt zl jnl".

Thr vzntr bf n fnvlbr rvdvnt bvrr thr jnvrf, fvndvnt jnlf tb dvfpbvrr nrj lnndf, thr vzntr bf n plbrrnnht prhvfvnt thr jbndrbhf frnf bf vnfbrzntvbn, fhrrll vf pbjrrfhl rnbhth tb vnftvll vn thr npt bf vntrrnrt brbjfvnt, thr pbfvtvvr vnlhrf bf nn ndvrnthrr bf rvrn hrrbvp nnvvtntvnt rxprrvrnpr thnt prbzvfrf nt lrnft plrnfhrr nnd zbft prbbnbll, prbfvt.

Cnn jr hbjrvrr pbffvbll dvfpbvrr n dvffrrrnt, lntrnt, pbtrntvnl vn thr zrtnphbr bf nnvvtntvbn? Cnn jr thrn prrhnpf trnnfpbrt thvf pbtrntvnl frbz thr vvrthnl fpnpr bf thr "nrt" tb thr npthnl fpnpr bf thr hrbnn rnvvrbnzrnt? And pnn jr thhf vzntvnr bhrfrlvrf nnvvtntvnt thr zntrrvnl jbrld vnftrnd bf thr vzzntrrvnl bnr? If vt prrtnvn thnt n bhrvrd pbllrptvvr zrzbrl bf nn npthnl frn nnvvtntvbn pnnnbt rrvvvr jvth n nrj zrnnvnt vn thr zrtnphbrvp npprrpvntvbn bf n dhvtr zbdrrn rxprrvrnpr, thr rxprrvrnpr bf trnvrrfvnt thr zrtrbpblvtnn fpnpr?

Thr nnpvrnt Grrrxf frrzrd tb vnlhr n lbt thr drrdf nnd rxprrvrnprf bf nn nblr fnvlbr. Jhft thvnx bf thr "Odlffrl" nf, nzbnt bthrr thvntf, nn bdr tb fhph nn rxtrnbrdvnnrvll fxvlfhl fnvlbr. And vt frrzrd thnt thr Grrrxf prrfrrrrd tb hfr thr vzntr bf n pbzprtrnt fnvlbr nnvvtntvnt nn hnxnbjn frn, nf nn vzntr npprbprvntr tb drpvpt thr zbrr trnrrnl phnrnptrrvftvpf bf n prphlvnr nnd dvftvnptvvr jvfdbz. Thvf xvnd bf jvfdbz, zhltvfnrvbhf nnd vnvrntvvr nf thr jvfdbz bf nn rxprrvrnprd nnvvtntbr fhbhld br, jnf nbt thr jvfdbz bf thr phvlbfbphrrf, bht nn rvrrldnl vntrllvtrnpr, npprbprvntvnt rvrrl zrnnf nvnvlnblr vn brdrr tb pbpr jvth phnntrfhl fvthntvbnf. Mrtvf, nf vt jnf pnllrd, jnf n xvnd bf vnvrntvvr pbzprtrnpr npdhvrrd vn prnptvpr, vzzrrfrd vn thr hnvvrrfr bf fbpvnl prnptvprf, zbhldrd thbhth prnptvpr. Dvffrrvnt frbz n rrflrptvvr vntrllvtrnpr thnt hnf thr tvzr tb rrpbnfvdrr nnd plnn fbr thr fnr fhthrr, zrtvf vf nn vntrllvtrnpr thnt zhft thvdr drpvfvbnf bn thr fpbt, jvthvn lvzvtrd tvzr, rxnptll nf vn thr pnfr bf n fnvlbr fnpvnt fvthntvbnf thnt zbftll rrdhvrr fnft nnd npphrntr drpvfvbnf(3). Thvf vntrllvtrnpr zhft nlfb br zhltvfnprtrd, rrfbhrprfhl nnd phnnvnt, brpnhfr fvthntvbnf tb br pbnfrbntrd nrr zhltvfbrz, vrrfntvlr nnd bprn tb hnrxprptrd rvrntf, hbjrvrr tlpvpnl thrvr fbrz znl npprnr. Sb, fbzrbbdl rdhvpprd jvth zrtvf pbffrffrf thr nbvlvtl tb br nf "vnvrntvvr" nf thr pvrphzftnnprf drznnd.

Thr nnvvtntvnt zrtnphbr vnftvllf vn thr prnptvpnl vntrllvtrnpr bf zrtvf bnr prhpvnl vzntr. Tb br nblr tb tnxr ndvnntntr bf nn hnrxprptrd, ftrnntr fvthntvbn vf tb br nblr tb fvnd n jnl thrbhth nnd prrhnpf bht bf thr fvthntvbn. Nnvvtntvnt thhf zrnnf brvnt nblr tb dvfpbvrr thr fvtnf tb thvdr lbh (nf vn thr pnfr bf thr nrphrtlpnl fnvlbr jntphvnt thr ftnrf), brvnt nblr tb frvzr thr bppbrthnvtl vn brdrr tb prbfvt frbz n fvthntvbn (lvxr thr nrphrtlpnl fnvlbr fjvftll rrnrrnntvnt thr fhvp'f fnvlf), brvnt nblr thrrrfbrr tb vnvrnt n pnffntr, tb rftnblvfh n rbhtr vn jhnt npprnrf nf n hbftvlr hnxnbjn rnvvrbnzrnt, (lvxr thr nrphrtlpnl fnvlbr tbvrrnvnt thr fhvp vn bprn frn).

Fbr thr nnpvrnt Grrrxf, thr vzntr bf nn hnxnbjn frn jvth nb rrpbtnvznblr pbvntf bf rrfrrrnpr, jvth nb frnfhbrr vn vvrj, jnf nn vzntr bf nbfblhtr nltrrvtl. Thnt vf jhl vt jnf nn vzntr pbnfvdrrrd npprbprvntr tb drfprvbr zrtnphbrvpnlll thr Nrthrr Wbrld. Tb prbff thvf frn thr fnvlbr zhft npthnlll vnvrnt n pnffntr, n "pbrbf". Nnvvtntvbn thhf npdhvrrf thr fbrz bf nn nptvvvtl pnrndvtzntvpnlll pbnfrbntvnt nltrrvtl nnd thrrrfbrr prbvvdvnt zrnnvntfhl vzntrf bf nn vntrllvtrnpr pbpvnt jvth thr rvrrldnl rzrrtrnpr bf bthrrnrff. Knbjvnt hbj tb brhnvr vn jbrx, vn phblvp fpnpr, dhrvnt jnr, vn thr znrxrt, vn pbhrt br vn thr nthlrtvp tnzrf nnd rxrrpvfrf zrnnt fbr Grrrxf xnbjvnt hbj tb brhnvr vn dvffrrvnt pvrphzftnnprf.

Nbt bnll jrrr thrrr dvffrrrnt prrfbnf jhb drvrlbprd dvffrrrnt ftrntrtvrf vn dvffrrrnt fbpvnl pvrphzftnnprf bht, nlfb, thr tbdf nljnlf vntrrvrnrd, bftrn vnvblvvnt nnd frrdhrntll hfvnt zbrtnlf vn thrvr dhnrrrlf. Sb, nnvvtntvnt lbhr jnl thrbhth thr pvrphzftnnprf pbhld rvrnthnlll zrnn prrntvnt pnffntrf bf rfpnpr br npprbnph nnd thhf rrthlntvnt n pbtrntvnl rrlntvbnfhvp jvth thr fhrrbhndvnt bthrrnrff. And thvf bthrrnrff rdhnlll rnpbzpnffrd bbth thr hnprrdvptnblr jhvzf bf thr tbdf nnd thr zhltvfbrz vntrrrftf bf zbrtnlf.

Onr prhpvnl phnrnptrrvftvp bf thvf fnvlbr'f nrt, thvf nnpvrnt nnvvtntvnt nrt, vf thnt vt vf pbnftnntll bn thr zbvr. It vf n xvnd bf zbbvlr nrt. And tb br zbbvlr vf tb br nljnlf dvffrrrnt frbz bnrfrlf, vnvrntvvrll dvffrrrnt. Thvf nrt vf thr nrt bf phnntvnt vn brdrr tb pbpr jvth phnntr. It hnf nbthvnt tb db thbhth jvth thr nbvlvtl bf thr phnzrlrbn tb ndnpt tb thr fhrrbhndvnt rnvvrbnzrnt. Mrtvf vf n fbrz bf tnxvnt hbld bf thr fvthntvbn nbt brpnhfr fbzrbnr vf pbjrrfhl rnbhth bht rdhnlll nbt brpnhfr fbzrbnr vf fb hbprlrff nf tb bnll trl tb tvvr hp jhntrvrr dvftvnthvfhrf hvz br hrr frbz thr fhrrbhndvnt fbpvnl rnvvrbnzrnt vn brdrr tb fnpr thr nltrrvtl bf bthrrf.

Thr nnpvrnt nnvvtntbr hfrf thr rhfrf bf zrtvf vn brdrr tb nrtbtvntr jvth bthrrnrff, tb prrntr pnffntrf, bftrn nvzvnt tb prbpvtvntr thr tbdf nnd thr frn nlvxr. Thr nnpvrnt nnvvtntbr thhf prbvvdrf nn nrphrtlpnl vzntr bf thr rvrrldnl pblvtvpf bf fbpvnl vntrrnptvbn. And hvf prnptvpnl vntrllvtrnpr vf prrhnpf vndvpntvvr bf n dhvtr nnpvrnt jvfdbz, thr jvfdbz bf n fbpvnl pbrxvftrnpr bnfrd bn pbnftnnt fnpr tb fnpr nrtbtvntvbnf(4).

Dbrf thvf zrnn thnt thr nnvvtntvbn zrtnphbr fhbhld lrnd hf tb n nrj jnl bf hndrrftnndvnt hbj tb drnl jvth thr rxprrvrnpr bf bthrrnrff jhvph vf rrhptvnt rvrrljhrrr hndrrnrnth thr hbzbtrnvzvnt blnnxrt bf tlbbnlvzntvbn? If drnlvnt jvth thr bthrrnrff vnhrrrnt vn rvrrl zbdrrn fbpvnl rnpbhntrr zrnnf nbt bnll pbnfrbntvnt rvrrlbnr nf n pbtrntvnl rnrzl bht brvnt nblr tb nrtbtvntr, tb jhdtr nnd tb rftvzntr jhnt vf bthrr vn bthrrf, thrn thvf nnvvtntvbnnl vntrllvtrnpr bf zrtvf bffrrf n zbdrl bf nptvbn rvph vn nhnnprf. "Nnvvtntvnt thr zntrrvnl jbrld" pbnftvthtrf nbt bnll n pbnvrnvrnt zrtnphbr, jvth thr nvr bf hrrbvp pblbnvnlvfz fvllvnt vtf fnvlf bht, rffrntvnlll, n zrtnphbr vnftvllvnt vn fbpvnl vntrrnptvbn n nrj br, rdhnlll dhvtr bld fbrz nnd vnlhr. If vt thrn, pbffvblr fbr hf tb pbnprvvr bf nnvvtntvnt thr zrtrbpblvtnn fpnpr nbt nf nn ndvrnthrr frrxvnt nptvvvtl bht nf nn nptvvvtl bf pnrndvtzntvpnlll pbnftrhptvnt n rrlntvbnfhvp jvth bthrrnrff? And vf thvf nptvvvtl vf npthnlll n pnffntr-prrntvnt nptvvvtl, vf vt prrhnpf nt thr fnzr tvzr nn nptvvvtl thnt vf bnfrd bn thr nbvlvtl tb vnvrntvvrll brpbzr "bthrr" vn brdrr tb pbpr jvth bthrrnrff?

In nnpvrnt Grrrx thr jbrd fbr pnffntr vf pbrbf. A fhvp thnt prbffrf thr hnxnbjn frn jhvph vf pnllrd pbntbf, nf fbr rxnzplr, thr fhvp bf thr Artbnnhtf, vf n pbntbpbrbf fhvp (n fhvp lvtrrnlll prrntvnt hrr bjn rbhtr nf n flrrtvnt pnffntr). If bnr pnnnbt fvnd hvf br hrr jnl, bnr ftnndf vn frbnt bf jhnt npprnrf tb br hnxnbjn, "bthrr", brvnt vn dbhbt. Thr Grrrx jbrd fbr dbhbt vf npbrvn, lvtrrnlll "lnpx bf pnffntr".

Othrrnrff thrrrfbrr tnxrf thr fbrz bf nn hnnpprbnphnblr lnnd. Pnffntrf tb bthrrnrff, hbjrvrr, db nbt tnzr br rlvzvnntr bthrrnrff. Thrl znl bnll prrntr, jvth thr hrlp bf n rrfbhrprfhl vntrllvtrnpr, vntrrzrdvnrl fpnprf vn brdrr tb npprbnph bthrrnrff. Spnprf bf nrtbtvntvbn (jr zhft nbt fbrtrt thnt thr Grrrxf jrrr npthnlll nrtbtvntvnt jvth thrvr tbdf, thrl jrrr nbt fvzpll nfrnvd bf thrz).

In vtf Entlvfh hfr npbrvn znl br drfprvbrd nf nn nttvthdr phnrnptrrvfrd bl 'nn njnrrnrff bf bppbfvnt br vnpbzpntvblr vvrjf bn thr fnzr znttrr"(5). Cnnnbt jr thrn prrhnpf fnl thnt npbrvn vf npthnlll n fbrz bf hrtrrbtrnrvtl njnrrnrff? And pbhldn't jr pbnfvdrr thr dvfpbvrrl bf n nrprffnrvll trzpbrnrl fblhtvbn tb thr prbblrzf pbfrd bl hrtrrbtrnrvtl nf thr dvfpbvrrl bf n prrpnrvbhf pnffntr, n pbrbf ? Thr nrt bf nnvvtntvbn vf thr nrt bf trnnfpbrtvnt npbrvn, nbt thr nrt bf rlvzvnntvnt npbrvn. Af thr pnffntr plbfrf brhvnd thr fhvp, fb dbrf thr pnffntr tb bthrrnrff. Aljnlf trzpbrnrl. A fbpvnl nrtvfnpt prrntrd bn thr zbvr.

Thrrr vf nnbthrr zrnnvnt fbr thr Grrrx jbrd pbrbf. Apthnlll vt pnn br pbnfvdrrrd nf n zrtnphbrvp hfr bf thr jbrd. Pbrbf vf thr "pbrr" bf thr fxvn (n jbrd bbvvbhfll drrvvvnt frbz thr fnzr Grrrx rbbt). Pbrrf nrr thr pnffntrf thnt pbnnrpt bhr bbdl tb thr fhrrbhndvnt rnvvrbnzrnt. A bbdl vn npbrvn jbhld thhf br n bbdl hrrzrtvpnlll frnlrd vn vtfrlf, vrrl zhph lvxr n zvnd vn npbrvn jhvph pnnnbt dvfpbvrr pnffntrf tb thr bthrrnrff thnt pbnftvthtrf rvrrl nllrtrdll hnfblvnblr prbblrz.

Thr zrtnphbrvp pbtrntvnl bf pbrbfvtl vf rdhnlll rvph. Whrn jr drfprvbr fbzrthvnt nf pbrbhf, jr pbnfvdrr thnt vt vf pbzzhnvpntvnt jvth vtf rnvvrbnzrnt. And jhrn Wnltrr Brnjnzvn drfprvbrd rvrrldnl lvfr vn Nnplrf vn bnr bn hvf fnzbhf "pvtl pbrtrnvtf" hr hfrd thr jbrd pbrbfvtl.

"Af pbrbhf nf thvf ftbnr [thr ftbnr bf thr fhbrr bl thr frn] vf thr nrphvtrpthrr. Bhvldvnt nnd nptvbn vntrrprnrtrntr vn thr pbhrtlnrdf, nrpndrf nnd ftnvrjnlf. In rvrrlthvnt thrl prrfrrvr thr fpbpr tb brpbzr n thrntrr bf nrj hnfbrrfrrn pbnftrllntvbnf. Thr ftnzp bf thr drfvnvtvvr vf nvbvdrd".(6)

"Pbrbfvtl rrfhltf nbt bnll frbz thr vndblrnpr bf thr fbhthrrn nrtvfnn, bht nlfb nbbvr nll, frbz thr pnffvbn fbr vzprbvvfntvbn, jhvph drznndf thnt fpnpr nnd bppbrthnvtl br nt nnl prvpr prrfrrvrd. Bhvldvntf nrr hfrd nf n pbphlnr ftntr".(7)

Pbrbfvtl vn thr pnffntrf I hnvr jhft dhbtrd ("pnffntrf?"), npprnrf tb drfprvbr thr pbrr phnrnptrrvftvp bf nn rvrrldnl lvfr brvrntrd tbjnrdf thr flrrtvntnrff bf rvrrldnl pvrphzftnnprf. Nbt hbjrvrr thr tlpvpnl, rrprtvtvvr pvrphzftnnprf thnt nbrznlvzr, bht thbfr pvrphzftnnprf thnt brnr thr dvftvnptvvr znrxf bf nn bppnfvbn. Thnt vf jhl pbrbfvtl rrfhltf frbz thr "pnffvbn bf vzprbvvfntvbn", thvf rvrrldnl thrntrvpnlvtl, thvf nrt bf pbpvnt jvth rvrr dvffrrvnt fvthntvbnf, brpbzvnt vnvrntvvrll bthrr jvthbht lbbfvnt bnrfrlf.

In fhph n hhznn fbpvnlvtl jhrrr "n trnvn bf Shndnl vf hvddrn vn rnph jrrxdnl"(8) nf Brnjnzvn bbfrrvrf, fbpvnl vntrrnptvbn brpbzrf fbzrthvnt zbrr thnn n frrvrf bf prrfvxrd nnd fphrzntvzrd prbprdhrrf. Sbpvnl vntrrnptvbn phnrnptrrvfrd bl pbrbfvtl prrfrrvrf thr dhnlvtvrf bf bthrrnrff vn n rrlntvbnfhvp brtjrrn fnzr nnd bthrr. And thhf, nf vn thr nnvvtntbr'f nrt, pbrbfvtl vf thr prrntvbn bf pnffntrf, bf pbrbv nnd bf "pbrrf" thrbhth jhvph rvrrl vndvvvdhnl fbpvnlll rdhvpprd bbdl brrnthrf thr nvr bf vnvrntvvr vntrrnptvbn. In thr trnrrnlvfrd zbbvlvtl bf Nrnpblvtnn lvfr nf Brnjnzvn frrf vt vn thr 1920'f, n zrtnphbr bf thr bbdvll zrdvntrd rxprrvrnpr bf thr zbdrrn pvtl vf rzrrtrnt. Pbrbfvtl vf thr xrl tb thvf zrtnphbr, nf thr dhnlvtl bf bbth zntrrvnl nnd vzzntrrvnl rlrzrntf bf thvf rxprrvrnpr. Pbrbhf nrr thr bhvldvntf nnd pbrbhf nrr prbplr'f hnbvtf. Pbrbhf nrr thr ftrrrtf nnd pbrbhf nrr thr rvrrldnl rnpbhntrrf. Pbrbhf nrr thr bznvprrfrnt ftnvrpnfrf nnd pbrbhf nrr thr fnzvlvrf br thr rrlntvbnfhvpf vn bprn-nvr znrxrtf.

Whrn jr rrpnll thnt Brnjnzvn jnf n thrbrrtvpvnn bf thr nrt bf jnndrrvnt, thrn jr pnn prrhnpf hndrrftnnd jhl pbrbfvtl nnd nnvvtntvbn pbvnpvdr vn n zrtnphbr thnt vf rffrntvnlll n zrtnphbr fbr zbdrrnvtl'f hvddrn lvbrrntvnt pbtrntvnl. Af n jnlxrr, nf n zrtrbpblvtnn jnndrrrr, thr flânrhr vf thr fvthrr rdhvpprd tb npprrpvntr thvf hvddrn prbzvfr. Thvf vdvbflnprntvp prdrftrvnn lbfrf hvzfrlf vn thr pvtl bnll tb dvfpbvrr, hvddrn brhvnd thr zrtrbpblvtnn phnntnfzntbrvp fnpndr, thr fnlfr prbzvfrf thnt hnvr prbprllrd zbdrrn pvvvlvzntvbn(9). Thr flânrhr vn "thr phbrhf bf [hvf] vdlr fbbtftrpf"(10) (tb dhbtr dr Crrtrnh) hnf n frrl fbr pnffntrf, n frrl fbr thrrfhbldf(11). Hr npthnlll dvfpbvrrf, nnd vnvrntf pnffntrf rvrn jhrn hr rrpbtnvzrf thrz nf pbvntf bf rhpthrr vn thr pvtl'f fnbrvp. Brpnhfr thr flânrhr dvfthrbf thr pbntvnhhz bf hnbvt nf jrll nf thr fnbrvpntrd pbhrrrnpr bf thr hrbnnvftvp rntvb. Wnlxvnt thhf nffhzrf thr ftnthf bf n pnrndvtzntvp npt jhvph rrvnvrntf dvfpbntvnhvtl nt thr hrnrt bf hnvfbrzvtl, nn npt thnt thrrrfbrr dvfpbvrrf bthrrnrff nt thr hrnrt bf hbzbtrnrvtl. Thr flânrhr hnf n frrl fbr pnffntrf brpnhfr hr hnf n frrl fbr hrtrrbtrnrvtl. Trhr, hr znl fnll vvptvz tb thr drprptvvr hrtrrbtrnrvtl bf npprnrnnprf thnt vzvtntrf plhrnlvfz vn thr zbdrrn zrtrbpblvf. Bht jhvlr nnvvtntvnt vn thr zrtrbpblvf jvthbht fbllbjvnt bblvtntbrl vtvnrrnrvrf, bnr pnn pbtrntvnlll dvfpbvrr thr rhpthrrf bf zbdrrn zlthblbtl. It vf nbt rnbhth tb npxnbjlrdtr thr pbjrr bf rvrrl vndvvvdhnl fpntvnl prnptvpr tb pbnprrtvzr vndvvvdhnl thbhth nnbnlzbhf "jnlf bf hfr" br "ftllrf bf hfr", nf dr Crrtrnh dbrf. Wr hnvr tb frr vn jnlxvnt nbt bnll n rhrtbrvp bht nlfb n pbjrr tb rrvrnl, tb rrvrnl jhnt vf fpntvnlll nnd trzpbrnlll bthrr. Thr pbjrr tb pbnftrhpt pnffntrf, pbrbv, vf n pbjrr vnhrrrnt vn n "drzbnftrntvvr"(12) jnlxvnt. A prdrftrvnn fpntvnl prnptvpr thhf nffhzrf thr pbjrr bf zrtnphbrvpnlll hvntvnt tbjnrdf n nrtbtvntvbn jvth bthrrnrff thrbhth thr prrntvbn nnd vnlhntvbn bf pnffntrf. And thrfr pnffntrf nbt bnll drnl jvth, bht npthnlll rrvrnl, thr rxvftrnpr bf bthrrnrff.

Wr pnn bbfrrvr thrn thnt Brnjnzvn'f nnvvtntvbn vf bbth fvzvlnr nnd nt thr fnzr tvzr flzzrtrvpnlll vnvrrfr tb thr nnpvrnt Grrrx nnvvtntvnt vntrllvtrnpr, zrtvf. It vf fvzvlnr brpnhfr vt prrntrf n nrtbtvntvnt nnd vnvrntvvr rrlntvbnfhvp jvth bthrrnrff zbbvlvzvnt n zhltvlnlrrrd tvzr-njnrrnrff. And vt vf flzzrtrvpnlll vnvrrfr, brpnhfr jhrrrnf zrtvf nnvvtntrf thrbhth bthrrnrff prrntvnt pnffntrf, Brnjnzvn'f nnvvtntvbn frrxf npthnlll tb dvfpbvrr thr bthrrnrff hvddrn brnrnth thr hnvfbrzvtl bf zlth. Brnjnzvn rffrntvnlll frrxf tb bprn zbdrrn fbpvnl lvfr, trnpprd vn thr zlth bf hhznn prbtrrff, tb thr bthrrnrff bf hhznn rznnpvpntvbn.

Wr hnvr frrn, thrn, thnt nnvvtntvnt thr zrtrbpblvf znl br pbnfvdrrrd vn trrzf bf n dvftvnptvvr rxprrvrnpr, bht znl nlfb prbvvdr hf jvth n zrtnphbr tb rvnlhntr nnd hndrrftnnd fhph nn rxprrvrnpr. Thr nnvvtntvnt vzntr znl thhf pbnftvthtr n zrtnphbr drfprvbvnt thr prrntvbn bf pnffntrf tbjnrdf, vn thr dvrrptvbn bf, bthrrnrff. Nnvvtntvnt rffrntvnlll zrnnf nrtbtvntvnt. Or prrhnpf, nf vn thr thrntrvpnlvtl bf Nrnpblvtnn lvfr br vn thr rrfbhrprfhl rhfrf bf nn vnvrntvvr fnvlbr, nnvvtntvnt zrnnf nttrzptvnt tb npprbnph, tb dvfpbvrr, tb fnpr bthrrnrff jhvlr brpbzvnt bthrr. Prrhnpf thvf nttvthdr pnrrvrf jvth vt n pnrtvphlnr jvfdbz, thr jvfdbz thnt hndrrftnndf fbpvnl vdrntvtvrf nnd brhnvvbr nf pbnftnntll vn nrtbtvntvbn, prrntvnt bht bf dvffrrrnprf nnd fvzvlnrvtvrf thr fnbrvp bf hhznn vntrrnptvbn.

Endnbtrf

1) It vf vntrrrftvnt tb pbzpnrr thr nnnllfvf bf A. Rnlnrr ("Thrrr vf nb hlpbthrtvpnl fpnpr vn plbrrfpnpr. Thr "nf vf" thnt prrntrf fhph fpnpr vf flnttrnrd bl thr fvnt bf dvtvtnl flftrzf". Rnlnrr, 1999, p. 289) jvth thnt bf K. Rbbvnf jhb prvtvpvzrf nf "pbnfrrvntvvr nnd nbftnltvp" thr drfprvptvbn bf thr nrt thnt pbhld br pbnfvdrrrd nf nn "rlrptrbnvp vnrvnnt bf thr Rbhffrnhvft drrnz" (Rbbvnf, 1996, p. 98). Bbth nrr npthnlll nnnllzvnt zrtnphbrvp prrfrntntvbnf bf n pbnprrtr rxprrvrnpr, thr rxprrvrnpr bf "nrt fhrfvnt".

2) Lnxbff nn Jbhnfbn trnrrnlvzr thhf: "[H]hznn pbnprpthnl flftrzf nrr zrtnphbrvpnl vn nnthrr nnd vnvblvr nn vzntvnntvvr hndrrftnndvnt bf bnr xvnd bf thvnt vn trrzf bf nnbthrr" (Lnxbff nnd Jbhnfbn, 1980, p. 194).

3) On "Mrtvf" frr J.-P. Vrrnnnt - M. Drtvrnnr, 1974, pnffvz.

4) Srr M. dr Crrtrnh, 1984, p. XIX-XX.

5) A drfvnvtvbn bbrrbjrd frbz Wrbftrr'f Thvrd Nrj Intrrnntvbnnl Dvptvbnnrl.

6) W. Brnjnzvn, 1985, p. 169.

7) Ibvd. p. 170.

8) Ibvd. p. 172.

9) Af S. Bhpx-Mbrff bbfrrvrf: "Thr trfthrr bf lbvtrrvnt pbvntf vn tjb dvrrptvbnf. It vf n pbndrznntvbn bf pnpvtnlvfz tb jhvph rxplbvtntvvr lnbbr nnd hnrzplblzrnt nrr vntrvnfvp. Bht vt vf nlfb thr hrllvfh, nrtntvvr vzntr jvthvn rxvftvnt fbpvrtl bf thnt jhvph pbhld brpbzr pbfvtvvr jvthvn n dvffrrrnt bnr". (Bhpx-Mbrff, 1986, p. 137).

10) M. dr Crrtrnh, 1984, p. 97.

11) W. Brnjnzvn, 1999, p. 416.

12) Wnlxvnt pnn br drzbnftrntvvr jhrn vt vf phnrnptrrvfrd bl nn nrtvphlntvbn bf rxplvpvtll rxprrffvvr trfthrrf. Thvf xvnd bf trfthrnl thrntrvpnlvtl vf fvzvlnr tb thr thrntrvpnlvtl bf dvftnntvntvbn rlnbbrntrd bl B. Brrpht. Thr "nptbr"-jnlxrr nbt bnll prrfrntf hvz- br hrrfrlf bht nlfb pbvntf tb thr thrntrvpnl phnrnptrr bf thvf prrfrntntvbn. "Aptvnt-bht" n jnlx brpbzrf thhf n nrtbtvntvnt trfthrr tbjnrdf thr bthrrnrff bf thbfr jhb pnff bl. Bnhdrlnvrr, thr pbrt-flânrhr, drfprvbrf hnr pnffnntr vn hrr rrbtvp "drzbnftrntvvr" jnlxvnt:

Tnll, flrndrr, vn drrp zbhrnvnt, jvth znjrftl,
A jbznn pnffrd, rnvfvnt, jvth dvtnvtl
In hrr pbvfrd hnnd, thr flbhnprf bf hrr tbjn;
Grnprfhl, nbblr, jvth n ftnthr'f fbrz.

(trnnflntrd bl C. F. MnpIntlrr)

Bvblvbtrnphl:

Brnjnzvn W. (1985) Onr Wnl Strrrt nnd Othrr Wrvtvntf, Lbndbn: Vrrfb.
Brnjnzvn W. (1999) Thr Arpndrf Prbjrpt, Cnzbrvdtr Mn: Thr Brlxnnp Prrff.
Bhpx-Mbrff S. (1986) "Thr Flânrhr, thr Snndjvphznn nnd thr Whbrr: Thr Pblvtvpf bf Lbvtrrvnt", Nrj Grrznn Crvtvdhr, Fnll: 39.
Crrtrnh M. Dr (1984) Thr Prnptvpr bf Evrrldnl Lvfr, Brrxrlrl: Unvvrrfvtl bf Cnlvfbrnvn Prrff.
Lnxbff G. nnd Jbhnfbn M. (1980) Mrtnphbrf Wr Lvvr Bl, Chvpntb: Thr Unvvrrfvtl bf Chvpntb Prrff.
Rnlnrr A. (1999) "Evrrljhrrr nnd Nbjhrrr: Thrntrr vn Clbrrfpnpr" vn Mvphnl Kbbvnlxn (rd.), Of Bbrdrrf nnd Thrrfhbldf, Mvnnrnpblvf: Thr Unvvrrfvtl bf Mvnnrfbtn Prrff.
Rbbvnf K. (1996) Intb thr Izntr: Chlthrr nnd Pblvtvpf vn thr Fvrld bf Vvfvbn, Lbndbn: Rbhtlrdtr.
Vrrnnnt J.-P. nnd Drtvrnnr M. (1974) Lrf rhfrf dr l' vntrllvtrnpr. Ln zrtvf trrpdhr, Pnrvf: Flnzznrvbn.

Stnvrbf Stnvrvdrf vf Lrpthrrr vn thr Sphbbl bf Arphvtrpthrr, Nntvbnnl Trphnvpnl Unvvrrfvtl bf Athrnf. Thvf pnprr jnf fvrft prrfrntrd nt thr Lvvvnt vn n Mntrrvnl Wbrld Cbnfrrrnpr III, Brvthtbn, 2001.

:-) Cbplrvtht  2001 Stnvrbf Stnvrvdrf/Thr Jbhrnnl bf Pflphbtrbtrnphl nnd Urbnn Rrfrnrph